the method for measuring the congestion of Noura et al. [A.A. Noura, F. ‎Hosseinzadeh Lotfi, G.R. Jahanshahloo, S. ‎Fanati Rashidi, R.P. Barnett, A new method for measuring congestion in data envelopment analysis, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 44 (2010) 240-246] ,there is no problem for congestion detection In the case of one input and one output but in higher space is not able to detect co...

Backgrounds: Subclinical ketosis can cause greater economic loss due to a lack of clinical symptoms. Objectives: The present study was aimed to design a chemical method for measuring serum ketone bodies in the affected subclinical cows. Methods: Acetoacetate concentrations were measured using a nitroprusside reaction and b-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) which was oxidized to acetoacetate using nan...

Civil wars impose substantial costs on the domestic economy. We empirically measure the economic impact of such internal wars. The paper contributes to the existing literature both theoretically and methodologically. First, it explores the economic channels through which civil war affects growth. Previous studies have shown the negative growth effects of civil wars. We go a step further by iden...

Total factor productivity is enhanced by e-collaboration’s ability to spread technical change. Economic surplus analysis allows business executives and policy-makers to assess the value of technical change. It can also be extended to assess e-collaboration in order to rationally steer investment opportunities. It is imperative for business executives and policy-makers to empirically assess the ...

The paper surveys the various economic costs associated with terrorism. Particularly important is the distinction between the direct and the indirect costs. While many terrorist attacks cause substantial amounts of property damage and create casualties, most of the costs associated with terrorism involve the indirect costs. Although terrorism can reduce a nation’s overall growth rate, the costs...