Background: Achieving satisfactory post-operative analgesia with neuraxial administration of narcotics has been the subject of much research. The use of epidural opioids had become an increasingly popular technique for management of acute post-operative pain in recent times. This study evaluates post-operative analgesic benefits in patients administered epidural butorphanol, nalbuphine, and fen...

24-48 hour IPPV and timed dose/continuous infusion of parenteral narcotics; 24-48 hour IPPV The relief of pain is of crucial importance in the plus extradural catheter analgesia; intra-operative management of patients undergoing a total threedirect intercostal nerve blocks, extubation and stage oesophagectomy. Respiratory problems as a parenteral analgesics. Morbidities and mortalities result o...

BACKGROUND Pain in infancy is a developmental process. Due to the underdeveloped pain pathways in the spinal cord, the threshold of stimulation and sensation of pain is low at birth and has potential impacts on increasing the central effects of pain. Primary trauma during infancy can cause long term changes in structure and function of pain pathways that continue until adulthood. Lack of pain m...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Use of various adjuvants to spinal anaesthesia is a well-known modality to provide intra- and post-operative analgesia. This study was designed to evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy of clonidine and magnesium when used as an additive to intrathecal 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. METHODS Ninety patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status gr...

This survey addresses the structure and function of the acute pain services (APS) in the UK 10 years after its initial commencement. APS is now available in many hospitals (89.4%). The APS team consists mainly of anaesthetists, occasionally includes nurses and pharmacists, and rarely physiotherapists and psychologists. Anaesthetists, mainly, cover the out-of-hours service and nurses only occasi...