This paper describes hitherto developed drug forms for topical ocular administration, that is, eye drops, ointments, in situ gels, inserts, multicompartment drug delivery systems, and ophthalmic drug forms with bioadhesive properties. Heretofore, many studies have demonstrated that new and more complex ophthalmic drug forms exhibit advantage over traditional ones and are able to increase the bi...

Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the most interesting and challenging endeavors facing the pharmaceutical companies in the market. In ophthalmic formulation to the eye like solutions, suspensions, and ointments are available in the market shows drawbacks such as increased precorneal elimination, high variability in efficiency, and blurred vision. The major problem associated with the conventi...

The poor bioavailability and therapeutic response exhibited by the conventional ophthalmic solutions due to pre-corneal elimination of the drug may be overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems, which upon instillation as drops into the eye undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac. This may result in better ocular availability of the drug. The purpose of this work was to develop a...

Biopharmaceuticals are making increasing impact on medicine, including treatment of indications in the eye. Macromolecular drugs are typically given by physician-administered invasive delivery methods, because non-invasive ocular delivery methods, such as eye drops, and systemic delivery, have low bioavailability and/or poor ocular targeting. There is a need to improve delivery of biopharmaceut...

Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system, in which the medication is encapsulated vesicle. The vesicle composed of bilayer non-ionic surfactants. mostly preferred than liposomes because they stable and cost effective. potentiate pharmacological action molecules by delaying clearance from circulation, protecting biological environment restricting effects only to target cells. In it has applicat...

Eye disease can be devastating. The most feared impact is sight loss, but in a number of ophthalmic conditions, there can be wide-ranging systemic, psychological, emotional and social effects of both the disease and its treatment. External tests of visual function, such as visual acuity, are inadequate to understand the overall impact of ophthalmic disease on a patient's functional vision or da...

Conventional ophthalmic solutions often eliminate rapidly after administration and cannot provide and maintain an adequate concentration of the drug in the precorneal area. To solve these problems, we developed a pH in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery system containing ketotifen fumarate based on gellan gum. The pasture of ocular drug delivery is one of the fascinating and...