This paper explores the role of ‘inequality opportunity’ in individual earnings rural China, which is attributed to ‘circumstantial’ factors over individuals have no control, including family background, gender, ethnic minority status and region birth. These circumstances are contrasted with ‘efforts’ or choices that make, also impact on their earnings. Utilising China Labour-force Dynamics Sur...

background : connection between socioeconomic statuses and mental health has been reported already. accordingly, mental health asymmetrically is distributed in society; therefore, people with disadvantaged condition suffer from inconsistent burden of mental disorders. in this study, we aimed to understand the determinants of socioeconomic inequality of mental health in the female-headed househo...

background: the most fundamental way to decrease the burden of noncommunicable diseases (ncds) is to identify and control their related risk factors. the goal of this study is to determine socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for ncds using concentration index based on non-communicable disease surveillance survey (ncdss) data in kurdistan province, islamic republic of iran in 2005 and 200...

background and purpose: utilization of health care services and food influence the health status. the food and health care expenditure ratios determine the importance level of them in household's consumption expenditures. we aimed to investigate the iranian rural and urban food and health expenditure ratios inequality during 1998 to 2012. materials and methods: this is a descriptive longit...

The effect of inequality on individual welfare remains a debated question. In Europe and the U.S., inequality seems to signal mobility and opportunity as much as it suggests injustice. We explore its effects in Latin America. We find that inequality has significant effects on well being, making those in the highest quintiles 5% happier than the average and those in the poorest quintile 3% less ...

Abstract We develop a normative approach to the measurement of inequality opportunity. That is, we measure opportunity by welfare gain obtained in moving from actual income distribution optimal total available income. Our study brings together main approaches literature: axiomatically characterize social functions, obtain prominent allocation rules as their optima, and derive familiar classes m...