Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (Anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the most commonly emerging autoimmune in children and young adults recent years. Clinical manifestations range from prodromal symptoms to seizures, movement disorder, psychiatric manifestations, cognitive/speech impairment, autonomic dysfunction. Our case presented with initial severe episodic hypertension, sweating, agitati...

The focus of most previous research concerning tardive dyskinesia has been on the impact of risk factors on the development( incidence) of this syndrome. In this paper, we report our results on the relationship between risk factors and the severity of tardive dyskinesia. A total of 33 patients diagnosed as tardive dyskinesia with no other medical illness studied: 21 males and 12 females with a ...

Purpose: Scapular dyskinesia is a change in position or movement of scapula, which is highly prevalent in athletes with overhead activities. In addition to biomechanical changes in shoulder complex, neurocognitive impairments can have a significant role in its creation. Thus, this study aimed to compare neurocognitive scores between athletes with and without scapular dyskinesia. Methods: I...

The syndrome of vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) in rats is similar in many respects to tardive dyskinesia (TD) in humans. Both syndromes are characterized by delayed onset of persistent orofacial dyskinesias in a sub-group of subjects chronically treated with neuroleptics. Using the rat model, we examined the role of NMDA receptor-mediated corticostriatal neurotransmission in the expression of...

A young lady was ventilated on intensive care for a prolonged period with NMDA receptor encephalitis. She had undergone steroid, immunoglobulin, and plasmapheresis with no evidence of recovery. Her main management issue was the control of severe orofacial and limb dyskinesia. Large doses of sedating agents had been used to control the dystonia but were ineffective, unless she was fully anaesthe...

Three patients developed akinetic mutism on the third day after the introduction of intravenous cyclosporin A, given for immunosuppression after liver transplantation. One patient in addition developed a florid orofacial dyskinesia, which resolved completely, as did the akinetic mutism, after withdrawal of cyclosporin. In these patients the time course of the akinetic mutism and extrapyramidal ...