this paper is an attempt to examine, with narrative explanation technique, the notion of the “other” in the history of iran’s foreign relations from the perspective of historical sociology in international relations. it covers the historical period following the founding of the safavid state in 1502 a.d. through the first decade of the islamic republic (1989 a. d.). from the perspective of how ...

Human is a small part of nature and with its constant presence in the natural environment, it was able to create an artificial and man-made environment tailored to its needs. Identifying structural components of nature and adapting them to the three dimensions of body, spirit and soul and their role in creating physical, functional and content components in architecture, is the beginning of the...

the city of tabriz was one of the most important and historical cities of iran which had a pre-islamic background. this city was one of the main center of azarbayjan in the most historical era and it had been capital in some era like ilkhanian, gharaghoyonlu, agh ghoyonlu and even early of safavi era. historical background and continuous efforts residents of tabriz cause to infrastructure some ...

According to Sassanid sources, the Empire had a solid and organized administrative system, large number of different titles, ranks professions manage affairs their state. Administrative seals, which are clay dolls stamped with seals state authorities, used stamp documents. By studying them we get lot information about units posts state, such as spāhbed spābed, ōstāndār āmārgars. They also have ...

After the Arab-Muslim conquest (c. 650 CE), what we know of Middle Persian literacy in territory known as Ērānsahr is still little documented. Precisely, there evidence about linguistic developments during first two centuries but for an extract allegedly written by ibn al-Muqaffa. Most scholars’ debate on this passage based studied – mainly, inscriptions found south western part Sasanian empire...