An identity links the rate of economic growth, the speed of poverty reduction and changes in the distribution of income during some time period in a given country. A few authors used that identity to understand the causes for observed changes in poverty and to identify the exact role of economic growth in poverty reduction. Yet, many empirical cross-country studies of the relationship between g...

Conformal Killing vectors (CKVs) preserve the spacetime metric up to a factor. Homothetic vectors and Killing vectors are special cases of CKVs. Classification of some classes of spacetimes on the basis of CKVs give interesting results showing how homothetic and Killing vectors which form subsets of the set of CKVs can be recovered as a result of the above classification. ∗On leave from: Centre...

This paper explains why the overall stance of monetary policy is effected by both interest rates and the exchange rate, and hence why a Monetary Conditions Indicator can provide useful information about the stance of policy. Three output gap equations estimated in this paper reveal that the real interest rate and the real exchange rate both affect excess demand but that the real interest rate i...

i n the past decades, the effect of different tax amendments on various economic issues has been studied. the majority of these studies have avoided considering shadow economy as part of the calculation and analysis, and an issue, which has received little attention, is the relationship between green tax reforms and shadow economy, as for informal labor, which is well-connected to unemployment ...

abstract research and development (r&d;) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of r&d; spending on growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in iran's agricultural sector. we estimate growth and productivity models using auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) approach and data over ...

JEL CLASSIFICATION C26, C99, D03, I18. PSYCINFO CLASSIFICATION 2360; 3920.

Context. Among optical stellar interferometers, the CHARA Array located at Mt Wilson in California offers the potential of very long baselines (up to 330 m) and the prospect of coupling multiple beam combiners. This paper presents the principle and the measured performance of VEGA, Visible spEctroGraph and polArimeter installed in September 2007 at the coherent focus of the array. Aims. With 0....

We investigate the solar wind energy flux in inner heliosphere using 12-day observations around each perihelion of Encounter One (E01), Two (E02), Four (E04), and Five (E05) Parker Solar Probe (PSP), respectively, with a minimum heliocentric distance 27.8 radii ($R_\odot{}$). Energy was calculated based on electron parameters (density $n_e$, core temperature $T_{c}$, suprathermal $T_{h}$) obtai...