This paper studies the logical modelling of presumptions and their effects on the burden of proof. Presumptions are modelled as default rules and their effect on the burden of proof is defined in terms of a distinction between the burden of production, the burden of persuasion and the tactical burden of proof. These notions are logically characterised in such a way that presumptions enable a pa...

background: limiting dilution assay is considered as the gold standard method for quantifying the number of parasites in the animal model of leishmania infection. nowadays, real-time pcr is being increasingly applied to quantify infectious agents. in the present study , a real-time pcr assay was developed to estimate para­site burdens in lymph nodes of leishmania major infected balb/c mice. enu...

background: organ transplant recipients can experience serious diseases from infections due to emerging and reemerging parasitic infections. this study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among renal transplant re-cipients of iran. methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted from june 2003 to august 2004 on renal transplant recipients in iran. a total of 706...

sunflower (helinathus annuus) is a susceptible host to the holoparasite hemp broomrape (orobanche ramosa) in central parts of iran, causing yield loss due to severe infestations. a field study was conducted in 2006 to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate for controlling the parasitic weed hemp broomrape in sunflower. glyphosate was applied once or twice at five rates ranging from 0.075 to 0.450 ...