At year-end 2012, approximately 2,312,300 individuals were incarcerated in United States jails and prisons nationwide.3 To visualize this, consider almost all of Chicago, half of Ireland, or the whole of Jamaica bounded on all sides by prison walls. This number, however large, represents only adult individuals who are in physical custody; it does not include juveniles and those adults who are i...

The text and legislative history of the Sentencing Reform Act [SRA], reviewed in Chapter One, make clear that the SRA aimed to increase the certainty and severity of punishment by eliminating parole and increasing sentencing severity for some crimes. Congress instructed the Commission to ensure that “the guidelines reflect the fact that, in many cases, current sentences do not accurately reflec...

We discuss the annotation with part of speech and lemma of the Dutch PAROLE Internet Corpus. The PAROLE PoS tagger is a combination of statistical taggers. It includes the Markov tagger TnT and 3 taggers developed at the INL with the purpose of using other information besides the training data. Lemma is assigned by a deterministic procedure, based on an extensive lexicon. The output is in some ...

We discuss the activities towards the development of the retrieval application of the Dutch PAROLE Corpus. Compared to the other corpora developed by INL, the PAROLE Corpus has been encoded with more extended types of metadata, conformant to the TEI standard for text encoding. A search engine and a web-based user interface, both newly developed by INL, provide the user with the functionality to...

Pour la traduction de parole, il est n6cessaire de disposer d'un syst~me de reconnaissance de la parole spontan6e grand vocabulaire, tournant en temps r6el. Le module RAPHAEL a 6t6 con~u sur la plateforme logicielle de JANUS-III d6velopp6e au laboratoire ISL (Interactive Systems Laboratory) des universit6s Karlsruhe et Carnegie Mellon. Le corpus BREF-80 (textes lus extraits du Journal Le Monde)...

This study investigated the differences in loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life among three groups of prison inmates: inmates in a heterosexual romantic relationship with a fellow prisoner, inmates with a partner outside the prison, and inmates without a partner. In-person interviews with 70 male and 70 female inmates from the Topas Penitentiary (Spain) were conducted. These inm...

The Supreme Court has traditionally applied the Eighth Amendment differently to capital and non-capital cases based on the longstanding notion that “death-is-different.” In the recent case of Graham v. Florida, however, the Supreme Court applied its “evolving standards of decency” standard, heretofore reserved for capital cases, to a non-capital case. The Court held that the Eighth Amendment pr...

To the Editor: Having observed patient progress during conditional release (a form of involuntary outpatient commitment) and found the policy useful in protecting some individuals with serious mental illness, I anticipated positive results from the randomized clinical trial by Dr. Swartz et al. The investigators randomly assigned patients released from a mental hospital to one of two conditions...