An optimum design with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) device structure was proposed to eliminate back gate bias effect of the lateral double diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (LDMOSFET) and to improve breakdown voltage. The SOI structure was characterized by low doping buried layer (LDBL) inserted between the silicon layer and the buried oxide layer. The LDBL thickness is a...

During biosynthesis, a globular protein folds into a tight particle with an interior core that is shielded from the surrounding solvent. The hydrophobic effect is thought to play a key role in mediating this process: nonpolar residues expelled from water engender a molecular interior where they can be buried. Paradoxically, results of earlier quantitative analyses have suggested that the tenden...

We calculate the surface area buried in subunit interfaces of human deoxyhemoglobin and of horse methemoglobin. A larger surface area is buried in deoxy- than in methemoglobin as a result of tertiary and quaternary structure changes. In both molecules the dimer-dimer interface is closepacked. This implies that hydrophobicity stabilizes the deoxystructure, the free energy spent in keeping the su...

After decades of research, the nature of the rate-limiting step in the folding of globular proteins still elicits a range of opinions (1). The properties of the associated transition state (TS) provide critical insights into possible folding mechanisms. However, the characterization of the TS is challenging because atomic level methods cannot be applied to this minimally populated state, and lo...

made targets that were resting on the sediment surface, or partially buried. These targets were placed inside the 3-dimensional reconfigurable dome measurement system that is shown in Figure 1. The footprint of the TOPAS beam pattern was centered in the dome measuring system. This hemispherical dome array was developed by NRL-SSC for use in its scattering programs, and is a unique measurement s...