Party membership and activism is declining among Britain’s three major parties. Using individual membership survey data, evidence of this decline, particularly in party activism, is presented. Reasons for the decline are considered. It is suggested that choice-based rather than structural explanations are more persuasive. The impact of the decline upon the parties and the political system is co...

In this paper we propose an optimistic two-party fair exchange protocol which does not rely on a centralized trusted third party. Instead, the fairness of the protocol relies on the honesty of part of the neighbor participants. This new concept, which is based on a generic verifiable secret sharing scheme, is particularly relevant in networks where centralized authority can neither be used on-l...

In this paper, we propose a general architecture blueprint for long-living BIS helping to avoid the legacy problem and to protect the huge investments made in BIS. One central feature of this architecture is that the integration of innovative third-party is particularly well supported. The second part of this paper therefore addresses the problem of managing external third-party services based ...

according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

political attitudes of bureaucrats and their impact on performance have been one of the most important debates in public administration that have been studied in dichotomy of politics-administration. in this article, we examine the effect of political attitudes of bureaucrats on their organizational citizenship behavior (ocb). the results show that political attitudes have a significant correla...

according to the famous theory in iranian jurisprudence, civil liability of the vehicle keepers against third party is on the res ipsa loquitor, duty of care, or risk, or a combination of them. regarding to these foundations, if a vehicle keeper has not a policy of insurance covering third party damage, he or she must compensate the damage although has not caused the accident. this was inferenc...