Hippocampal function is important in the acquisition of negative patterning but not of simple discrimination. This study examined rat hippocampal theta activity during the acquisition stages (early, middle, and late) of the negative patterning task (A+, B+, AB-). The results showed that hippocampal theta activity began to decline transiently (for 500 ms after non-reinforced stimulus presentatio...

Patterning in Arabidopsis root development is coordinated via a localized auxin concentration maximum in the root tip, requiring the regulated expression of specific genes. However, little is known about how hormone and gene expression patterning is generated. Using a variety of experimental data, we develop a spatiotemporal hormonal crosstalk model that describes the integrated action of auxin...

Androgenetic alopecia is a common form of pattern hair loss, characterized by miniaturized follicles (HFs) at the front and parietal scalp, while hairs on occipital scalp are preserved. Moreover, different sites human body exhibit distinct types patterns HFs. Understanding molecular basis this heterogeneity will help to design targeted treatment strategies. The Wnt signalling pathway its Dickko...

INTRODUCTION A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling gradient patterns cells along the embryonic dorsoventral (DV) axis (Little and Mullins, 2006). BMP signaling is abrogated dorsally by the secreted BMP antagonists Chordin, Noggin and Follistatin to generate low BMP signaling levels that allow neurectodermal tissues to develop. These and additional extracellular modulators generate the mo...

Patterning is a crucial fabrication step for successfully applying two-dimensional materials in electronic and optoelectronic devices. It can realize miniaturization help explore new physical phenomena of 2D materials. However, the manufacturing process inevitably introduces defects, which require harsh conditions to recover. Here, we propose sputtering-lithography-annealing (SLA) strategy patt...

Although spatial patterning during embryonic development is well characterized, a corresponding framework for temporal patterning has not been established. In this issue, Zhu et al. (2006) identify the Chinmo protein as conferring temporal identity on the neural progeny of Drosophila neuroblasts, revealing appealing parallels with spatial patterning.

We present a versatile and simple methodology for continuous and scalable 2D micro/nano-structure fabrication via sequential 1D patterning strokes enabled by dynamic nano-inscribing (DNI) and vibrational indentation patterning (VIP) as well as a 'single-stroke' 2D patterning using a DNI tool in VIP.

Syllable structure is systematically related to tone patterning in two dimensions: sonority and duration. The reasons for this are fundamentally phonetic: syllable weight is determined by the sonority and duration profile of the rhyme, which themselves are the phonetic correlates of tone. This paper uses the Moraic Model [1] to analyze the weight-mediated syllable-tone patterning in four distin...

A new bacteria microarray patterning technique is developed by patterning thick polycationic polymers on glass surface, which generates high-coverage and high-precision E. coli cell patterns. Cell immobilization efficiency is greatly improved, compared to conventional monolayer surface patterning approach. Cell viability tests show very low cytotoxicity of polyethyleneimine (PEI). This advancem...