Broadbent and Göller (FSTTCS 2012) proved the undecidability of bisimulation equivalence for processes generated by ε-free second-order pushdown automata. We add a few remarks concerning the used proof technique, called Defender’s forcing, and the related undecidability proof for first-order pushdown automata with ε-transitions (Jančar and Srba, JACM 2008). Language equivalence of pushdown auto...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Therefore, an early diagnosis and treatment of a hemodynamically significant PDA are very important. A widened pulse pressure is considered to be a well known clinical sign of a PDA in older infants and children; however, whether this is also applicable in the case...

BACKGROUND We evaluated the hemodynamic status of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by measuring vena contracta width (VCW) and effective shunt orifice area (ESOA) using proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) on color Doppler imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS: Study subjects were 21 patients with PDA (mean age, 3.6 years). We measured VCW (mm/m(2)) and ESOA (cm(2)) by the PISA method using echocardio...

Through the effective combination of photothermal conversion agent polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles and epoxy acrylate polymer (EA), a new kind near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered shape memory (PDA/EA) is developed. Due to outstanding effect PDA, even with very low concentration PDA (0.1 wt.%), when exposed an 808 nm NIR light power 1 W/cm2, temporary shapes can be fully light-responsive, recov...

Coded caching scheme is a technique which reduce the load during peak traffic times in a wireless network system. Placement delivery array (PDA in short) was first introduced by Yan et al.. It can be used to design coded caching scheme. In this paper, we prove some lower bounds of PDA on the element and some lower bounds of PDA on the column. We also give some constructions for optimal PDA.

Background A patient decision aid (PDA) is a tool for shared decision making (SDM), which emphasises patient empowerment. It is useful in chronic diseases and when there are multiple, no best single treatment option. Although SDM is prevalent in Western countries, its use is limited in Chinese societies, where the adoption of a paternalistic approach is strong. Here, we report the development, ...

miRNA levels are altered in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), the most common and lethal pancreatic malignancy, and intact miRNA processing is essential for lineage specification during pancreatic development. However, the role of miRNA processing in PDA has not been explored. Here we study the role of miRNA biogenesis in PDA development by deleting the miRNA processing enzyme Dicer in a ...

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that produce desmoplastic stroma, thereby modulating disease progression and therapeutic response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). However, it is unknown whether CAFs uniformly carry out these tasks or if subtypes of CAFs with distinct phenotypes in PDA exist. We identified a CAF subpopulation wit...

Infective endarteritis (IE) was a fatal complication and the most common cause of death (45%) in patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), before the introduction of antibiotic therapy and surgical closure of the ductus. The annual risk of IE in patients with PDA was estimated to be 0–45% [5]. Wide use of antibiotics and surgical closure of PDA has reduced significantly the incidence of IE ...