the agromyzid leafminers, liriomyza sativae blanchard and l. trifolii (burgess) (dip-tera: agromyzidae) are major pests that attack vegetables in varamin, tehran province. the parasitoids (hymenoptera: eulophidae) of these pests were investigated during 2003. the leafminer infested leaves were collected from different host plants, in particular cu-cumber (cucumis sativus l.,) and preserved unde...

The genes encoding the insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) of BacIllus thuringiensis are good candidates for protecting walnut plants against insect pests. Ve have estimated the dose response of three important walnut pests (codling moth, navel orangeworm and Indianmeal moth) with two highly purified insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thurJ.nglensis and show that these three insects are highly ...

melon ladybeetle, epilachna chrysomelina (f.), is one of the key insect pests of cucurbit crops in asia and north africa. the development and reproduction of e. chrysomelina were studied on watermelon, snake cucumber, cucumber and melon under laboratory conditions. mean total life cycle from egg to adult female was 21.3, 21.7, 26.0, and 21.3 days on the mentioned host plants respectively. mean ...

While many studies have demonstrated the sensitivities of plants and of crop yield to a changing climate, a major challenge for the agricultural research community is to relate these findings to the broader societal concern with food security. This paper reviews the direct effects of climate on both crop growth and yield and on plant pests and pathogens and the interactions that may occur betwe...

Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are anti-metabolic proteins, which interfere with the digestive process of insects. It is one of the important defence strategies existing in plants against predators. The use of the plant-derived PI genes for developing insect-resistant transgenic crops has come of age. Several transgenic plants expressing PIs have been created and these plants have shown enhanced r...

To delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), the "pyramid" strategy uses plants that produce two or more toxins that kill the same pest. In the United States, this strategy has been adopted widely, with two-toxin Bt cotton replacing one-toxin Bt cotton. Although two-toxin plants are likely to be more durable than one...