bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is a disease of humans in which the colonic epithelium is invaded by bacteria and subjected to inflammatory destruction. the aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction(pcr) test for detection of virulent shigella spp.. for this purpose, the primers were designed to amplify a 526-bp internal region of the shigella spp. icsa gene, which encod...

3450 bovine from different breeds and ages were clinically examined for the presence of arthritis. 120 cases showed macroscopic evidences of arthritis. mycoplasma spp were isolated from synovial fluid of 21 affected animals. in addition to mycoplasma spp. arcanobacterium pyogenes and staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from 2 cases. the synovial fluid was markedly increased, straw color, t...

We used the PCR to study the presence of two plant pathogens in archived wheat samples from a long-term experiment started in 1843. The data were used to construct a unique 160-yr time-series of the abundance of Phaeosphaeria nodorum and Mycosphaerella graminicola, two important pathogens of wheat. During the period since 1970, the relative abundance of DNA of these two pathogens in the samples...

Alternariol (AOH) is an important mycotoxin from the Alternaria fungi. AOH was detected for the first time in the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum in a recent study. Here, we exploited reverse genetics to demonstrate that SNOG_15829 (SnPKS19), a close homolog of Penicillium aethiopicum norlichexanthone (NLX) synthase gene gsfA, is required for AOH production. We further validate that SnP...