background:  cytotoxic t lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) molecules are expressed on t-cells and inhibit their function by inhibiting activation of subsequent t-cell molecular pathways. blocking of ctla-4 inhibits the growth of malignant tumor cells. anti-ctla-4 monoclonal antibodies activate the immune system against cancer. due to several advantages of single-chain antibodies (scfvs) ...

BACKGROUND Combinatorial phage display has been used in the last 20 years in the identification of protein-ligands and protein-protein interactions, uncovering relevant molecular recognition events. Rate-limiting steps of combinatorial phage display library selection are (i) the counting of transducing units and (ii) the sequencing of the encoded displayed ligands. Here, we adapted emerging gen...

Aiming at identification of novel peptides that can be employed for effective targeting of malignant gliomas, we used a 12-mer peptide phage display library and cultured human malignant glioma cells for phage selection. Several common phage clones emerged after 4 rounds of biopanning against the U87MG glioblastoma cell line. The most abundant phage clone VTW, expressing a sequence of VTWTPQAWFQ...

A naive, human single-chain Fv (scFv) phage-display library was used in bio-panning against live, native spores of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336 suspended in solution. A direct in vitro panning and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based selection afforded a panel of nine scFv-phage clones of which two, 5B and 7E, were chosen for further study. These two clones differed in their relative specifici...

A new single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library was generated and human serum albumin (HSA)-specific clones were characterized to investigate the usefulness of porcine antibodies. Phage libraries were developed from pigs immunized with the model antigen HSA. The library size was 1.5 × 10(7) for kappa (VL) and 1.4 × 10(7) for lambda fragments. Eight HSA-specific clones from the kapp...

Uniform amplification of a mixture of phage clones is central to the selection of peptides and proteins presented on the coat proteins of phage (phage display). Uniform amplification cannot be achieved when phage having different rates of growth compete with each other in a common solution. Here we describe a method for uniform amplification of individual phage clones, from a mixture of clones ...

A billion-clone library of filamentous phage with different surface structures ("landscapes') was generated by fusing random octapeptides to the N-terminus of all 4000 copies of the major coat protein. Such a "landscape library' might include clones exhibiting emergent properties that inhere in the entire surface architecture, not in the peptides by themselves. Because the diverse surface lands...

A combination of phage display antibody technology and a subtraction method provides a powerful tool for the isolation of novel biomarkers. However, the dilemma that high stringency screening often reduces the diversity in the subtracted phage antibody repertoires and that it is difficult to isolate phage antibody against rare epitopes remain. Therefore, we carefully monitored the occupancy of ...