OBJECTIVES There is evidence that amputation leads to cortical reorganization, and it has been suggested that phantom pain might be related to a consequently emerging incongruence of motor intention, somatosensation and visual feedback. One therapeutic approach that has the potential to temporarily resolve this visuo-proprioceptive dissociation is mirror therapy, during which amputees typically...

Phantom limb pain is very common after limb amputation and is often difficult to treat. The motor cortex stimulation is a valid treatment for deafferentation pain that does not respond to conventional pain treatment, with relief for 50% to 70% of patients. This treatment is invasive as it uses implanted epidural electrodes. Cortical stimulation can be performed noninvasively by repetitive trans...

BACKGROUND Performing phantom movements with visual virtual feedback, or mirror therapy, is a promising treatment avenue to alleviate phantom limb pain. However the effectiveness of this approach appears to vary from one patient to another. OBJECTIVE To assess the individual response to training with visual virtual feedback and to explore factors influencing the response to that approach. M...

phantom-limb pain is highly prevalent after limb amputation but remains an extremely challenging pain condition to treat1,2. the treatment must be multimodal and mechanism-based because the underlying pathological changes occur in both the peripheral and the central nervous system after amputation1,2. We report a patient who had suffered from intractable phantom-limb pain for years, successfull...