This study aims to find out how the implementation of internal inventory control in medicine (pharmaceutical) section Dumai City General Hospital which is located on Jalan Tanjung Jati No 4. Regional Hospital. uses descriptive analysis results interviews with specified sources, field observations and documentation. Primary data were obtained from direct observations. While secondary documents r...

background : inequality in households’ payments on food and health expenditures presents the accessibility and utili-zation patterns between them. this study investigated the iranian rural and urban households’ inequality in payments on food and out-of-pocket health expenditures from 1998 to 2012. methods : this descriptive study was conducted through the analysis of iranian statistics centre d...

Several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. This paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. To this end, the impact of government payments is examined on Gross Regional Products, Employment, Income Distribution and Inflation of Golestan Province in Iran through a Social Accou...

The humanitarian crisis significantly affects the provision of medical and pharmaceutical care to PWD, makes it difficult predict its availability affordability. It was established that despite military actions in Ukraine, reimbursement system is experiencing both negative positive trends. Negative trends are : an increase drug prices, amount patient co-payments, a decrease number glucose-lower...

several procedures have been employed to examine the impacts of subsidies on different indices in an economy. this paper proposes a new approach enabling one to compare direct and indirect payments on households. to this end, the impact of government payments is examined on gross regional products, employment, income distribution and inflation of golestan province in iran through a social accou...

Background: Out-of-pocket and informal payments are considered as 2 most important topics for equity in health care financing. Therfore, this study was conducted to systematically review and meta-analyze the status of these payments in Iran's health care system.    Methods: Required data were collected through searching the following key terms: "Unofficial", "Informal ...

We describe an R&D project valuation model developed for Phytopharm plc, an emerging pharmaceutical company based in Cambridge, UK. The model allows the company to value the projects in its R&D portfolio, and is used for licensing negotiations with potential product development and marketing partners. It is based on different valuation methods, including Net Present Value, Decision Analysis and...

Background: Informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. Informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. In this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...