medicines that you should not take on the day of your test. What is spirometry? Spirometry is one of the most commonly ordered lung function tests. The spirometer measures how much air you can breathe into your lungs and how much air you can quickly blow out of your lungs. This test is done by having you take in a deep breath and then, as fast as you can, blow out all of the air. You will be bl...

The submission of data on genotoxicity is a precondition for marketing authorisation respectively registration of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) with well established or traditional use in some countries. In European regulatory guidelines prepared by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) of the European drug regulatory agency EMA, a test strategy is defined giving a pragmatic fram...

Since the inception of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) in 1990, six-party Expert Working Groups (EWG) have developed and revised numerous guidelines on preclinical safety evaluation (Table 1). The six parties to ICH represent the regulatory bodies and pharmaceutical manufacturing organizations in...

The pharmaceutical sector, an industry already facing stiff tests in the form of intensified competition and strategic consolidation, has increasingly become subject to a variety of other pressures. Significantly, in common with other large-scale businesses, pharmaceutical firms are being exhorted to respond positively to the challenge of corporate (social) responsibility (CSR). Clearly, for in...

BACKGROUND Demonstration of equivalent amounts of the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) between generic and innovator products (pharmaceutical equivalence) is a basic requirement of regulatory agencies for intravenous generic drugs prior to clinical use, and constitutes the pivotal point to assume therapeutic equivalence. Physicochemical methods are preferred instead of biological ass...

to create values in the working environment and to achieve the organizational aims, organizations have to manage their elements with specific alignment.in principle, different departments of organizations are put together with specific arrangements and tasks in order to create value for the stakeholders .it has been proven that creating value and the outcome of an organization has a direct rela...

In Uganda, around two thirds of medicines are procured from the private sector, mostly from drug shops. The introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) at drug shops therefore has the potential to make a significant contribution to targeting antimalarial drugs to those with malaria parasites. We undertook formative research in a district in Uganda in preparation for a randomised trial...

Parabens, methyl, ethyl, propyl, benzyl, and butyl, are the most common preservatives in use today. They are the alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and are used extensively because they are relatively nonirritating and nontoxic and offer good antimicrobial coverage. Testing for paraben allergen can be done by patch testing. Two cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to parabens are used ...

BACKGROUND There is a high malnutrition prevalence in hospitalized patients. AIM To determine the malnutrition prevalence in hospitalized patients of La Rioja Community (Spain) when evaluated with different screening/ evaluation tools and its relationship with hospital stay and mortality. METHODS Cross sectional observational study of hospitalized adult patients (age > 18 years old) from me...

Contact allergy (CA) surveillance networks provide information to a multitude of stakeholders, which is indispensable for evidence-based decision-making in the field of prevention. Methods and results of the German surveillance system on CA are reviewed and discussed with reference to other systems. The German network structure comprises 56 departments of dermatology and includes all patients w...