Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language is the national of India and state various North Indian states such as Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh etc. Statistics on phonemes a provides useful information in field speech pathology, audiology, linguistics communication engineering. The data can be effectively used for assessment selection target treatment disorders, develop phonetically balanced word lis...

Phonemic restoration refers to the synthesis of missing phonemes in speech when sufficient lexical context is present. Current models for phonemic restoration however, make no use of any lexical knowledge. Such models are inherently inadequate for restoring unvoiced phonemes and may be limited in their ability to restore voiced phonemes too. We present a predominantly top-down model for phonemi...

During much of the past century, it was widely believed that phonemes-the human speech sounds that constitute words-have no inherent semantic meaning, and that the relationship between a combination of phonemes (a word) and its referent is simply arbitrary. Although recent work has challenged this picture by revealing psychological associations between certain phonemes and particular semantic c...

The theory of Phonology as Human Behavior combines aspects of the “communication factor” and the “human factor” of Prague School and Martinet’s diachronic phonology which view language as a tool of communication that ecologically reflects the characteristics of its users. PHB provides a "motivation" for the distribution of sounds: i.e. why we produce the phonemes we do and why their distributio...

We present a new stochastic approach to estimate accurately phonemes and accents for Japanese TTS (Text-to-Speech) systems. Front-end process of TTS system assigns phonemes and accents to an input plain text, which is critical for creating intelligible and natural speech. Rule-based approaches that build hierarchical structures are widely used for this purpose. However, considering scalability ...

In alphabetic writing systems like English or French, many words are composed of more letters than phonemes (e.g. BEACH is composed of five letters and three phonemes, i.e./biJ/). This is due to the presence of higher order graphemes, that is, groups of letters that map into a single phoneme (e.g. EA and CH in BEACH map into the single phonemes /i/ and /J/, respectively). The present study inve...

The basic inventory of sounds (phonemes) used to encode speech varies considerably between languages. Nevertheless these inventories show an unmistakable preference for certain phonemes and phoneme configurations. It has oten been remarked that phonemic systems seem to strike some balance between maximal perceptual distinctiveness and minimal speaker effort. Computer models formalizing these pr...

Interference is a language phenomenon that often occurs in Indonesian Languagelingual societies. This study reveals the Mandarin interference speech Chinese community of Makassar City. concerns main problem, namely how form The analyzed includes phonological, morphological, and syntactic interference. uses descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection was done by direct observation, intervi...

Established linguistic theoretical frameworks propose that alphabetic language speakers use phonemes as phonological encoding units during speech production whereas Mandarin Chinese speakers use syllables. This framework was challenged by recent neural evidence of facilitation induced by overlapping initial phonemes, raising the possibility that phonemes also contribute to the phonological enco...