Dietary carbohydrates can be divided into two basic fractions: fibre and nonfibre carbohydrates (NFC). Fibre in dairy cow rations is essential for animal health, since it is required to support an appropriate rumen function and physiology. Therefore, ruminants require fibre in coarse physical form for a more effective chewing and ruminal activity. Increasing fibre content and forage particle si...

Introduction Current NRC recommendations for dairy cattle provide only minimum recommendations for chemically measured fiber. However, physical characteristics of fiber can influence animal health, ruminal fermentation, animal metabolism, and milk fat production independently of the amount of chemically measured fiber. Using ground fibrous by-product feeds or finely chopped forages in rations t...

17-53 ABSTRACT Both physical form and chemical nature of fiber is important to ruminant animals. A recently developed method for determining particle size distribution was used to characterize typical distributions for forages and total mixed rations (TMR) from the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. An effective fiber index (EFI) and modified effective fiber index (MEFI) are proposed which link ph...

Abstract Fiber-orientation tensors describe the relevant features of fiber-orientation distribution compactly and are thus ubiquitous in injection-molding simulations subsequent mechanical analyses. In engineering applications to date, second-order tensor is basic quantity interest, fourth-order obtained via a closure approximation. Unfortunately, such description limits predictive capabilities...

We present a physically-based animation method for simulating the diffusion of water pollutant in this paper. Our method allows animating the dynamic evolution of biological pollutants (e.g., water hyacinth, algae) on largescale water surface effectively. To enable the simulation of such a phenomenon in large scale virtual environment, we simplify the problem by considering the water pollutants...

Films like Shrek, Madagascar, The Chronicles of Narnia and Charlotte’s web all have something in common: realistic quadruped animations. While the animation of animals has been popular for a long time, the technical challenges associated with creating highly realistic, computer generated creatures have been receiving increasing attention recently. The entertainment, education and medical indust...

Interactive simulation is made possible in many applications by simplifying or culling the finer details that would make real-time performance impossible. This paper examines detail simplification in the specific problem of collision handling for rigid body animation. We present an automated method for calculating consistent collision response at different levels of detail. The mechanism works ...

In order to study the effects of increasing age on the human skeletal muscle, cross-sections (15 micron) of autopsied whole vastus lateralis muscle from 43 previously physically healthy men between 15 and 83 years of age were prepared and examined. The data obtained on muscle area, total number, size, proportion and distribution of type 1 (slow-twitch) and type 2 (fast-twitch) fibers were analy...