This paper presents an oligopolistic model of informative advertising, where firms simultaneously choose prices and advertising intensities. For this game there is a dispersed price equilibrium in which the amount of advertising by each firm is socially optimal. The advertising technology considered is more general than in Butters', however his results can be obtained as the number of firms ten...

Background and Objectives: Nutrition affects physical status, brain function, memory and learning. High-fat diets can cause memory impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of cheese and butter on the memory and learning of male rats. Materials and Methods: Totally, 24 Wistar male rats (8-week old) were divided into three equal groups and fed with high-fat chow diets (contro...

Intake of trans fatty acids unfavorably affects blood lipoproteins. As margarines are a major source of trans, claims for the advantages of margarines over butter need to be scrutinized. Here we review dietary trials that directly compared the effects of butter and margarine on blood lipids. We identified 20 studies in which subjects had stable body weights, and margarine and butter were exchan...

Cocoa butter is the pure butter extracted from cocoa beans and is a major ingredient in the chocolate industry. Global production of cocoa is in decline due to crop failure, diseases and ageing plantations, leading to price fluctuations and the necessity for the industry to find high quality cocoa butter alternatives. This study explored the potential of a wild mango (Mangifera sylvatica), an u...

This study identified and explored the sensory characteristics that drive consumer liking of butter. A trained descriptive panel evaluated 27 commercial butters using a defined sensory language. Two focus groups were conducted with butter consumers to gain an understanding of consumer use and consumption habits. Six representative butters and 2 vegetable oil spreads were selected for consumer a...

Butter is a high-cost oil, so it sometimes sold by mixing margarine being cheaper oil manufacturers. Fake butter has negative effects on both the health of consumers and economy. In our study, some traditional modern methods were applied for detection fake butter. Three samples consisting pure (PB), (PM), half-mixed butter-margarine (BM) mixture examined. The physical chemical properties these ...

In this paper we present embeddings of complete binary trees into butter y networks with or without wrap-around connections. Let m be an even integer and q = m+ blogmc 1. We show how to embed a 2q+1 1-node complete binary tree T (q) into a (m + 1)2m+1node wrap-around butter y Bw(m+1) with a dilation of 4; and how to embed T (q) into a (m+2)2m+2-node wrap-around butter y Bw(m+2) with an optimal ...

A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium recently occurred in the USA, which was traced back to various food products made with contaminated peanut butter. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of radio-frequency (RF) heating to inactivate S. Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in peanut butter cracker sandwiches using creamy and chunky commercial pea...

Recent recurrence of Salmonella contamination of peanut butter has become a serious food safety concern for consumers. A study was conducted to identify storage periods and temperature conditions of peanut butter in domestic kitchens and to determine the effects of those storage periods and conditions on survival of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:h7. Surveys assessed consumer storage peri...

world consumption of butter has declined over the last decades partly due to its physical limitations and partly due to its poor nutritionalproperties. in this study, the effect of hazelnut addition on the properties of butter, was evaluated taking into account that hazelnut is a source of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. powdered hazelnut was added to butter at 3 levels (10, 20 and 30...