OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the deproteinizing effect of bromelain enzyme and compare it with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser and 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and polarized microscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 extracted human upper premolars were selected to be given standardized buccal and...

We propose electron beam excitation assisted optical microscope, and demonstrated its resolution higher than 50 nm. In the microscope, a light source in a few nanometers size is excited by focused electron beam in a luminescent film. The microscope makes it possible to observe dynamic behavior of living biological specimens in various surroundings, such as air or liquids. Scan speed of the nano...

We demonstrate a technique for determining optical constants of materials in the extreme UV from the ratio of p-polarized to s-polarized reflectance. The measurements are based on laser-generated high-order harmonics, which have easily rotatable linear polarization but that are prone to brightness fluctuations and systematic drifts during measurement. Rather than measure the absolute reflectanc...

A combined scanning probe microscope has been developed that allows simultaneous operation as a non-contact/tapping mode atomic force microscope, a scattering near-field optical microscope, and a scanning tunnelling microscope on conductive samples. The instrument is based on a commercial optical microscope. It operates with etched tungsten tips and exploits a tuning fork detection system for t...