The aggregate welfare measure for a change in the provision of a public good derived from a contingent valuation (CV) survey will be higher if the same elicited mean willingness to pay (WTP) is added up over individuals rather than households. A trivial fact, however, once respondents are part of multi-person households, it becomes almost impossible to elicit an “uncontaminated” WTP measure tha...

Embedding is the widely-observed phenomenon that a good is assigned a higher value if evaluated on its own rather than as part of a more inclusive set. Embedding is considered a serious problem affecting the quality of many environmental management and health risk policy judgments. This paper presents the results of an experiment involving of a structured, small-group approach for conducting en...

In this paper we consider a meshfree radial basis function approach for the valuation of pricing options with non-smooth payoffs. By taking advantage of parallel architecture, a strongly stable and highly accurate time stepping method is developed with computational complexity comparable to the implicit Euler method implemented concurrently on each processor. This, in collusion with the radial ...

This paper introduces weakly growing context-sensitive grammars. Abstract-1 Such grammars generalize the class of growing context-sensitive grammars (studied by several authors), in that these grammars have rules that “grow” according to a position valuation. If a position valuation coincides with the initial part of an expoAbstract-2 nential function, it is called a steady position valuation. ...

This paper discusses various interpersonal factors with implications for valuation of statistical lives (VSL). We argue that such factors are important and that a valuation principle whereby risk changes are elicited on a purely individualistic basis may seriously bias VSL valuation. Risk-focussed altruism and purely selfish motivations for the survival of others, in particular close family mem...

We prove R = T theorems for certain reducible residual Galois representations. We answer in the positive a question of Gross and Lubin on whether certain Hecke algebras T are discrete valuation rings. In order to prove these results we determine (using the theory of Breuil modules) when two finite flat group schemes G and H of order p over an arbitrarily tamely ramified discrete valuation ring ...

Let R be an n-dimensional regular local domain essentially of finite type over a ground field k of characteristic zero, and let ν be a rank one valuation centered on R. Recall that this is equivalent to asking that ν be an R-valued valuation on the fraction field K of R, taking non-negative values on R and positive values on the maximal ideal m ⊆ R. A theorem of Zariski and Abhyankar states tha...

Decisions that involve bundling or unbundling a large number of objects, such as deciding on the bundle structure or optimizing bundle prices, are based on underlying valuation function over the set of all possible bundles. Given that the number of possible bundles (i.e., subsets of the given set of objects) is exponential in the number of objects, it is important for the decision-maker to be a...

We prove R = T theorems for certain reducible residual Galois representations. We answer in the positive a question of Gross and Lubin on whether certain Hecke algebras T are discrete valuation rings. In order to prove these results we determine (using the theory of Breuil modules) when two finite flat group schemes G and H of order p over an arbitrarily tamely ramified discrete valuation ring ...

Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems a...