We make a formal sociologic study of the concept of free will. By using the language of mathematics and logic, we define what we call everlasting societies. Everlasting societies never age: persons never age, and the goods of the society are indestructible. The infinite history of an everlasting society unfolds by following deterministic and probabilistic laws that do their best to satisfy the ...

In ordinary rst order logic, a valid inference in a language L is one in which the conclusion is true in every model of the language in which the premises are true. To accommodate inductive/uncertain/probabilistic/nonmonotonic inference, we weaken that demand to the demand that the conclusion be true in a large proportion of the models in which the relevant premises are true. More generally, we...

We show how and why it makes sense to use a relational formalisation instead of the usual functional one in the treatment of term graphs. Special attention is paid to term graphs with bound variables, that have, to our knowledge, never been formalised with such a generality before. Besides the novel treatment of term graphs themselves, we present an innovative relational homomorphism concept th...

Ala~traet--Errors-in-variables problems are considered for the case of three variables, where the underlying relations among the noise-free variables are linear, and covariance information for the noisy variables is available. The static problem where the variables are complex (which can arise when narrowband filtering is used) is analysed in detail. Some results are also presented for the case...

Numerous attempts have been made to constrain climate sensitivity with observations [1-10] (with [6] as LC09, [8] as SB11). While all of these attempts contain various caveats and sources of uncertainty, some efforts have been shown to contain major errors and are demonstrably incorrect. For example, multiple studies [11-13] separately addressed weaknesses in LC09 [6]. The work of Trenberth et ...