Historically, rivers have served as sources of drinking water, fisheries resources, transportation routes, irrigation supplies, and waste removal systems. Human civilization has had many major effects on rivers, dating back more than 5000 years when Egyptians built dams on the Nile to supply water for crops and human consumption. Today, management of large rivers requires a balance between huma...

Several studies on nicotinonitrile and their derivatives because of wide range therapeutic activities have been reported. Many drugs containing are available in market such as Bosutinib, Milrinone, Neratinib, Olprinone. This review article highlights the recently synthesized possessing important biological, therapeutic, medicinal properties.

1. We used field surveys to compare the density and mesohabitat-scale distribution of the native coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) and the prickly sculpin (C. asper) in coastal rivers in north-western California, U.S.A., with and without an introduced piscivorous fish, the Sacramento pikeminnow, Ptychocheilus grandis. We also measured mortality of tethered prickly sculpin in a field experim...

Habitat evaluation of wadeable streams based on accepted protocols provides a rapid and widely used adjunct to biological assessment. However, little effort has been devoted to habitat evaluation in non-wadeable rivers, where it is likely that protocols will differ and field logistics will be more challenging. We developed and tested a non-wadeable habitat index (NWHI) for rivers of Michigan, w...

The diastereoselective double carbometalation reaction of cyclopropenes provides, in a single-pot operation, two ω-ene-[1,1]-bicyclopropyl ester derivatives. One regioisomer then undergoes Pd-catalyzed addition aryl iodide to provide skipped dienes possessing several distant stereocenters including congested quaternary carbon centers with excellent diastereoselectivity.

Several arenes possessing a cyclopropyl substituent were subjected to enzymatic oxidation with toluene dioxygenase. The absolute configuration of metabolites was established by chemical means. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In recent years, preservation and purgation of rivers is considered by national and international organizations that have responsible of quality control and preservation of water resources. Because of providing public health, it is most important and vital in regions that cities that rivers feed drink waters and large industrial factories located near these rivers (Li et al., 1998; Pourabadei &...