the objective of the present paper is to study the male and the female in the family and islamic criminal laws in terms of their legal rights. to this end, all the articles in the two collections of family & islamic criminal laws (including the most recent amendments) published in the year 2000 which are related to private and public law were chosen and they were subjected to content analysis. ...

We study by theoretical analysis and by direct numerical simulation the dynamics of a wide class of asynchronous stochastic systems composed of many autocatalytic degrees of freedom. We describe the generic emergence of truncated power laws in the size distribution of their individual elements. The exponents α of these power laws are time independent and depend only on the way the elements with...

Recent studies have shown that Internet graphs and other network systems follow power-laws. Do artiicial network topologies commonly used in network simulation studies obey these power-laws? In this paper we show that current topology generators do not obey all of the power-laws, and we present two new topology generators that do. Finally, we re-evaluate a multicast study to demonstrate the imp...

Complex systems theory pays much attention to simple mechanisms producing nontrivial patterns, especially power laws. However, power laws with exponent τ ≈ 1 also result from complex mixtures of mechanisms that, in isolation, would not necessarily give this type of distribution. Probably, both paths to the power law are relevant in nature. The second gives a plausible explanation for some insta...

Describing graphs: Exponents vs. Averages. Power-laws provide a new way to describe topological properties. Average values falsely imply a uniform distribution, and they can be misleading. For example, 85% of the AS-nodes in December 1998 had an outdegree less than the average outdegree! Protocol performance: Formulas based on power-laws provide estimates for the effective diameter, the average...

Levy and Solomon have found that random multiplicative processes wi =11 A2. At

In this paper, a comparison between two well-known finite time heat engine models is presented: the Carnot-like heat engine based on specific heat transfer laws between the cyclic system and the external heat baths and the Low-Dissipation model where irreversibilities are taken into account by explicit entropy generation laws. We analyze the mathematical relation between the natural variables o...

this paper introduces an indirect adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller as a power system stabilizer for damping local and inter-area modes of oscillations of multi-machine power systems. this controller is designed based on the combination of sliding mode controller and the fuzzy logic systems. the fuzzy systems are used to approximate the unknown functions of power system model. generator sp...

Power law behavior has been recognized to be a pervasive feature of many phenomena in natural and social sciences. While immense research efforts have been devoted to the analysis of behavioral mechanisms responsible for the ubiquity of power-law scaling, the strong theoretical foundation of power laws as a very general type of limiting behavior of large realizations of stochastic processes is ...