There is often a need to predict the impact of alterations in one variable on another variable. This is especially the case in cancer research, where much effort has been made to carry out large-scale gene expression screening by microarray techniques. However, the causes of this variability from one cancer to another and from one gene to another often remain unknown. In this study we present a...

Analysis of DNA copy number profiles requires methods tailored to the specific nature of these data. The number of available data analysis methods has grown enormously in the last 5 years. We discuss the typical characteristics of DNA copy number data, as measured by microarray technology and review the extensive literature on preprocessing methods such as segmentation and calling. Subsequently...

Accurate identification of copy number alterations is an essential step in understanding the events driving tumor progression. While a variety of algorithms have been developed to use high-throughput sequencing data to profile copy number changes, no tool is able to reliably characterize ploidy and genotype absolute copy number from tumor samples that contain less than 40% tumor cells. To incre...

background: the genus pallisentis is an endoparasitic acanthocephalan inhabit­ing the intestinal walls. hooks and spines of the worm are significant taxonomical and adaptive tools. methods: the parasites were fixed, dehydrated and examined under olym­pus bx 53 microscope with dic attachment, digital camera and cellsens imag­ing system [light microscopy (lm)] and fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1...

Copying and pasting a patch of an image to hide or exaggerate something in digital is known as copy-move forgery. Copy-move forgery detection (CMFD) hard detect because the copied part from scene has similar properties with other parts terms texture, light illumination, objective. The CMFD still challenging issue some attacks such rotation, scaling, blurring, noise. In this paper, approach usin...

this article addresses the phonetic and phonological representation of h- phrase accent in the tonal structure of persian pre-nuclear accents. in an experimental study, three groups of pre-nuclear accentual phrases, namely, phrases with antepenultimate, penultimate and final stress pattern, were selected for tonal examination. materials were designed so as to yield under-pressure and pressure f...

We'll reserve the terms resumptive and resumptive pronouns for the unbounded dependency pronouns that have traditionally received these names. To diverge from common usage at this point would be confusing and it is in any case useful to have terms specifically for this kind of resumption. We'll use the pre-theoretical terms copy raising pronoun and copy pronoun (even though there is no copying ...

Let G and H be two graphs. The corona product G o H is obtained by taking one copy of G and |V(G)| copies of H; and by joining each vertex of the i-th copy of H to the i-th vertex of G, i = 1, 2, …, |V(G)|. In this paper, we compute PI and hyper–Wiener indices of the corona product of graphs.

Prevalence of ESR1 amplification in breast cancer is highly disputed and discrepancies have been related to different technical protocols and different scoring approaches. In addition, pre-mRNA artifacts have been proposed to influence outcome of ESR1 FISH analysis. We analyzed ESR1 gene copy number status combining an improved RNase FISH protocol with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplifi...