Predation risk is a strong selective force shaping prey morphology, life history and behavior. Anti-predator behaviors may be innate, learned or both but little is known about the transgenerational behavioral effects of maternally experienced predation risk. We examined intraguild predation (IGP) risk-induced maternal effects on offspring anti-predator behavior, including learning, in the preda...

the functional response is an important characteristic of predator–prey interactions that determinate which predator species or stage classes of predator is the most effective for pest control. host plant morphological characteristics are the effective factors on predator’s functional response. the objective of this study was to determine whether differences in trichome density of wheat cultiva...

Indirect effects propagated through intervening species in a food web have important effects on community properties. Traditionally, these indirect effects have been conceptualized as mediated through density changes of the intervening species, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that those mediated through trait (phenotypic) responses also can be very important. Because density- and trait...

the life history of enochrus quadripunctatus herbst was studied in the laboratory. the duration of each developmental stage, larval behavior, and preimaginal mortality rate were determined. it takes the insect a total of 43 days from hatching to reach the adult stage, with a high mortality rate in the first stadium. the mortality rate decreases as the beetle passes through the immature stages. ...

Parasites that are transmitted from prey to predator are often associated with altered prey behavior. Although many concur that behavior modification is a parasite strategy that facilitates transmission by making parasitized prey easier for predators to capture, there is little evidence from field experiments. We observed that conspicuous behaviors exhibited by killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) ...

Food availability can strongly affect predator-prey dynamics. When change in habitat condition reduces the availability of one prey type, predators often search for other prey, perhaps in a different habitat. Interactions between behavioural and morphological traits of different prey may influence foraging success of visual predators through trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs), such as...

Predatory aquatic insects are a diverse group comprising top predators in small fishless water bodies. Knowledge of their diet composition is fragmentary, which hinders the understanding of mechanisms maintaining their high local diversity and of their impacts on local food web structure and dynamics. We conducted multiple-choice predation experiments using nine common species of predatory aqua...

in this paper, a new stage structured prey-predator model with linear functional response is proposed and studied. the stages for prey have been considered. the proposed mathematical model consists of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the interaction among juvenile prey, adult prey and predator populations. the model is analyzed by using linear stability analysis to ob...