abstract background: one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease is hypertension. 1 billion people in the world and 25–35% of the adult population in iran suffer from hypertension. despite the emphasis on medicational treatments, non‑medicational treatments and modification of lifestyle, including physical activity and exercise, are important for the control and treatment ...

In this paper, in addition to some elementary facts about the ultra-groups, which their structure based on the properties of the transversal of a subgroup of a group, we focus on the relation between a group and an ultra-group. It is verified that every group is an ultra-group, but the converse is not true generally. We present the conditions under which, for every normal subultra-group of an u...

abstract background: hypertension is very common in patients with end-stage renal disease and accelerates cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. the most important factor in achieving normal blood pressure in these patients is reaching dry weight. sodium and extracellular fl uid balance play a vital role in this regard. considering the lack of consensus about the effi cacy of stepwise sodium p...

excessive exposure to noise can lead to noise-induced hearing loss. otoacoustic emissions affect the microscopic biomechanical activities of healthy outer hair cells. the present study aimed at assessing the influence of various sound pressure levels on distortion product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) in rats. to this end, 27 adult male rats with an age range of 3 to 4 months and a weight of 2...

Introduction: The present study used a histological evaluation method to examine the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on healing an experimentally-induced pressure sore in a rat model. Materials and Methods: There were 36 adult male rats used in this study. Under general anesthesia and sterile conditions, we used forceps to create one pressure sore on each rat. A double layer of folded skin...

BACKGROUND Variation in development methods of Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Instruments has led to inconsistent inclusion of risk factors and concerns about content validity. A new evidenced-based Risk Assessment Instrument, the Pressure Ulcer Risk Primary Or Secondary Evaluation Tool - PURPOSE-T was developed as part of a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) funded Pressure Ulcer Re...

BACKGROUND studies of the effectiveness of alternating pressure air mattresses (APAMs) for the prevention of pressure ulcers are scarce and in conflict. OBJECTIVE evaluating whether an APAM is more or equally effective as the standard prevention. DESIGN randomised controlled trial. SETTING AND SUBJECTS patients admitted to 19 surgical, internal, or geriatric wards in seven Belgian hospita...

PURPOSE To compare the effects of the tongue-hold swallowing maneuver on pharyngeal pressure generation in healthy young and elderly research volunteers. METHOD Sixty-eight healthy research volunteers (young, n = 34, mean age = 26.8 years, SD = 5.5; elderly, n = 34, mean age = 72.6 years, SD = 4.8; sex equally represented) performed 5 noneffortful saliva swallows and 5 tongue-hold swallows ea...