nowadays, production of recombinant proteins in eukaryotes is gaining good deal of attention. transgenic chicken as a eukaryotic system has a high potential for producing recombinant proteins. post-translational changes, especially glycosylation, are characteristic of the eukaryotic proteins. in practice we need to choose a proper expressing host when considering over-expression of a recombinan...

In most female mammals, early germline development begins with the appearance of primordial germ cells (PGCs), and develops to form mature oocytes following several vital processes. It remains well accepted that significant germ cell apoptosis and oocyte loss takes place around the time of birth. The transition of the ovarian environment from fetal to neonatal, coincides with the loss of germ c...

It is well known that activin-treated presumptive ectoderm, which is generally called as animal cap, in amphibian differentiates into various types of tissues and organs such as notochord, muscle, heart, and kidney. However, there has been no report that primordial germ cells are induced by activin treatment for animal caps. Anterior or posterior axial mesoderms can be, respectively, induced by...

In Xenopus, the inheritance of germ plasm by a small subset of blastomeres during early development is thought to direct these cells into the germ cell lineage. We show that Xcat2 RNA, related to Drosophila nanos, is a germ plasm component that is translationally repressed during oogenesis. Xcat2 protein was not detected in oocytes at times prior to, or after its RNA was localized in germ plasm...

In Drosophila, germ cell survival and directionality of migration are controlled by two lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP), wunen (wun) and wunen-2 (wun2). wun wun2 double mutant analysis reveals that the two genes, hereafter collectively called wunens, act redundantly in primordial germ cells. We find that wunens mediate germ cell-germ cell repulsion and that this repulsion is necessary for ge...

It is generally accepted that significant germ cell loss occurs during the establishment of the primordial follicle pool in most mammalian ovaries around the time of birth. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these processes remain largely unknown. In this investigation, we explored the role of autophagy during the establishment of the primordial follicle pool and found that auto...

It is well known that activin-treated presumptive ectoderm, which is generally called as animal cap, in amphibian differentiates into various types of tissues and organs such as notochord, muscle, heart, and kidney. However, there has been no report that primordial germ cells are induced by activin treatment for animal caps. Anterior or posterior axial mesoderms can be, respectively, induced by...

received: 23/sep/2008, accepted: 23/nov/2008oct-4/ pou5f1/ oct-3, a pou domain family protein acts as a crucial transcription factor dur- ing embryonic development. it helps in maintenance of self renewal as well as pluripotential state of embryonic stem (es) cells. its expression starts right from 2 cell stage especially prior to 8 cell stage till the blastocyst stage where it is strongly exp...

It is well known that activin-treated presumptive ectoderm, which is generally called as animal cap, in amphibian differentiates into various types of tissues and organs such as notochord, muscle, heart, and kidney. However, there has been no report that primordial germ cells are induced by activin treatment for animal caps. Anterior or posterior axial mesoderms can be, respectively, induced by...

It is well known that activin-treated presumptive ectoderm, which is generally called as animal cap, in amphibian differentiates into various types of tissues and organs such as notochord, muscle, heart, and kidney. However, there has been no report that primordial germ cells are induced by activin treatment for animal caps. Anterior or posterior axial mesoderms can be, respectively, induced by...