The meaning of alternative biotests is described and discussed. The paper also deals with the possible application of the developmental studies of the sea Artemia franciscana nauplinus. Five-day biotests including the validation criteria are described. The possibilities of the biotests are very wide. Additionally to the standard applications in ecotoxicology, there is a possibility of modelling...

Conflicts about the nature, causes and treatment of schizophrenia have never ceased. Recently, however, a particular set of beliefs ('the Orthodoxy') has become influential, and dominates political and managerial agenda for controlling clinical practice and educational initiatives. Theories and therapeutic strategies that differ from the particular biological, behavioural, cognitive and family ...

Toxicity tests are essential for evaluating the safety or hazards of several substances. Many of the current toxicity testing methods include the use of animals, especially rodents. However, in the last three decades, there has been an inclination towards using less animals and performing alternative methods that reduce, refine and replace animal use (3R principle). The viewpoint of “reduction”...

spinal cord injury (sci) leads to a significant health problem associated with a broad range of secondary complications and disabilities. in this regard, animal models can help us to understand the pathobiology of sci and evaluate the effects of potential treatments for sci. in contusion models of sci, different devices including surgical spring-loaded clips, balloons, forceps, weights and the ...

this paper, in its first part, analyzes the status and history of the principle of “maximization of the good” and the different meanings of “maximization” and “good.” after explaining and analyzing this principle and its different interpretations, in the first part, this paper, in its second part, categorizes rawls’s criticisms on it, step by step, by extracting and mentioning their premises. i...