economic development plans normally contain some policy objectives, especially for the most important macroeconomic variables. governments are expected to take best policies to achieve these objectives, although due to some structural or other impediments they may fail to touch the objectives. we have attempted to uncover the determinants of private consumption and investment as the objectives ...

We study how access to private equity financing affects real firm activities using a broad panel of publicly traded U.S. firms that raise external equity through private placements (PIPEs) between 1995 and 2008. The public firms relying on PIPEs are generally small, high-tech firms that cannot finance investment internally and likely face severe external financing constraints; PIPEs are by far ...

This paper explores the general-equilibrium impact of social security portfolio diversiŽ cation into private securities, either through the trust fund or private accounts. The analysis depends critically on heterogeneities in saving, production, assets, and taxes. Limited diversiŽcation weakly increases interest rates, reduces the expected return on short-term investment (and the equity premium...

The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe is a political declaration and framework agreement adopted in June 1999 to encourage and strengthen cooperation among the countries of South East Europe (SEE) and to facilitate, coordinate and streamline efforts to ensure stability and economic growth in the region. (see Compact ") is a key component of the Stability Pact under Working Table II on Eco...

Because of external financing costs, private business owners often need to self-finance new investment projects. These self-financing needs create an incentive for business owners to hold financial assets whose payoffs are positively correlated with self-financing needs. If this effect is aggregated, expected returns on financial assets should be negatively correlated with aggregate private inv...

Housing affordability in Australia is declining, especially for low-income tenants in the private sector. A number of attempts have been made to attract more private investment into boosting the supply of affordable housing in Australia. However, these attempts have been one-off and small-scale, enjoying very limited success. Large professional and institutional investors continue to avoid the ...

The paper examines the effects on growth of both private and public investment in health, schooling and culture: in short, education. These expenditures exert two effects on the growth rate: (i)they increase labour and capital stock productivity through a positive externality, and (ii) they modify saving and investment decisions through the substitutability between education and private consump...

Private R&D is a major source of innovation and productivity growth in agriculture worldwide. This paper examines trends and determinants of agricultural R&D in China. Results show that while the public sector monopolized agricultural research until recently, private agricultural R&D has grown rapidly since 2000, driven largely by agribusiness privatization. Public-sector R&D investments in bas...

This study examined the effect of public investment on private and their relative effects Ethiopia economic growth. The employed ARDL bounds testing approach. empirical results revealed that has a crowding-in in long run which means, stimulates run. However, crowding out investment. In other word, no direct impact growth significant positive while it is negatively related to short suggests posi...