Scientific cognition is a hard-won achievement, both from a historical point of view and a developmental point of view. Here, I review seven facets of lay cognition that run counter to, and often impede, scientific cognition: incompatible folk theories, missing ontologies, tolerance for shallow explanations, tolerance for contradictory explanations, privileging explanation over empirical data, ...

Unstructured peer-to-peer systems rely on strategies and data structures (Routing Indices) for the routing of requests in the network. For those requests corresponding to information retrieval queries, the emphasis can be either put on the effectiveness of the routing by privileging the relevance of the documents retrieved, or on the efficiency of the routing by privileging the response time. W...

The author proposes that in a democratic society, education serves to establish fundamental relationships of fraternity, generating the “social capital” that bonds citizens together. Against this perspective, he examines the cultural values transmitted in the educational systems of six Latin American countries. He finds that following world-wide trends, the curricula have shifted from privilegi...

The global food system makes a significant contribution to climate changing greenhouse gas emissions with all stages in the supply chain, from agricultural production through processing, distribution, retailing, home food preparation and waste, playing a part. It also gives rise to other major environmental impacts, including biodiversity loss and water extraction and pollution. Policy makers a...

Credentialing of advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in acute care settings is an essential practice, but care must be taken to ensure that full utilization of the scope of practice and capacity of APRNs is attained. The process of credentialing and privileging involves the verification of required education, licensure, and certification to practice as an APRN along with the recognition...

based on existing literature social capital is defined as a set of norms and rules and informal networks that provide association, trust and collective action to obtain the public good. the empowerment projects of world bank that has been implemented in many third world countries in the late 1980s followed by a non-reductionist non- physical approach integration of cultural and socio- economic ...

in this article, the set of institutions which embody the form and contents of the economic system of islam is introduced. by institutions, it is meant the economic freedoms, the government, ownership, motivation, the mechanism for coordinating economic activities, power, organization and bureaucracy. after explaining islam’s outlook regarding these institutions, the form and the contents of th...

trauma is the fourth cause of death at all age groups with socio-economic costs which caused more than 6 million deaths in the world in 2000. despite promising trend in improving many aspects of health case and treatment in the last decade in our country, little attention has been paid to the subject of registering trauma on an international standard. effective practical research specially in q...

The scholarship on hierarchy held the promise of exposing conditions systemic inequality in world politics. However, a significant strand it approached international order from above, privileging perspective dominant actors. I make case for from-below approach to hierarchical orders, recognising and accounting understudied experiences politics, but also developing more accurate understanding hi...

That the world is awash with resentment poses a genuine question for educators. Here, we will suggest that can be better harnessed good if stop focusing on people and tribes and, instead, focus systems: those invisible norms often produce locked-in structures of social interaction. A “systems lens” vast, so fixes have to an iterative process reflection, revision toward more just system. Nonethe...