In a previous study, it was found that the antibody response to a nonvaccine pertussis antigen in children who were vaccine failures was reduced compared with the response in nonvaccinated children who had pertussis. In two acellular pertussis vaccine efficacy trials in Sweden, we studied the convalescent-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) geometric mean values (GMVs) in response t...

Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort®) as needed (PRN) is effective for the prevention of severe exacerbations in mild asthma. This economic model evaluated cost effectiveness budesonide/formoterol PRN versus (1) a short-acting β2-agonist (SABA) and (2) maintenance budesonide plus SABA asthma Malaysia. A decision analytical was developed to evaluate downstream consequences comparators from payer’s ...

BACKGROUND Ranibizumab and aflibercept are alternative anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents approved for the treatment of visual impairment (VI) due to diabetic macular edema (DME). OBJECTIVE To estimate, from a UK healthcare perspective, the cost-effectiveness of ranibizumab 0.5 mg pro re nata (PRN) and ranibizumab 0.5 mg treat and extend (T&E) compared with aflibercept 2 mg every ...

The performance of consultation methods, i.e., majority voting, the optimistic selection rule, and the pseudo-random number (PRN) ensemble method, are examined in computer chess using 2180 chess problems. Here, the optimistic selection rule selects a program that returns the highest search value, and the PRN ensemble consists of multiple individual copies of one base program, and each copy is d...

INTRODUCTION Pro Re Nata (PRN) prescribing in psychiatry is a common and valuable facility to be used in acutely distressed patients. It is open to misuse and PRN prescribing may be unnecessary/inappropriate. AIM The aim of the audit is to ensure safe and effective prescription of PRN medication. AUDIT STANDARDS The standards were set in congruence with the guidance from the local trust pol...

We examined whether the dorsolateral pontine cholinergic cells project to the paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN) of the caudal medulla. In 3 cats, wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into the PRN and we noted cells in the dorsolateral pons that contained the HRP reaction product, cells that were immunolabeled for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and c...

This article explores the use of the postrotary nystagmus (PRN) test for children younger than current norms (children 4.0 yr-8.11 yr). In the first study, 37 children ages 4-9 yr were examined in the standard testing position and in an adult-held adapted position to determine whether holding a child affected the reflex. Because the position did not affect the reflex, in the second study, PRN i...

This paper describes the experiences of psychotherapists who, as part of a practice research network (PRN), collaborated with researchers in designing and conducting a psychotherapy study within their own clinical practices. A qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with these psychotherapists led to the delineation of several benefits (e.g., learning information that improved their work w...

Because measles-specific antibody titer after vaccination is lower than after natural infection, there is concern that vaccinated persons may gradually lose protection from measles. To examine the persistence of vaccine-induced antibody, participants of a vaccine study in 1971, with documentation of antibody 1-7 years after vaccination, were followed up in 1997-1999 to determine the presence an...

Divergence has been found between Bordetella pertussis vaccine strains and circulating strains. Polymorphism in pertactin (Prn) is essentially limited to region 1, which is made up of repeats. Today, the 3 most prevalent Prn variants are Prn1-3. Vaccine strains produce Prn1, whereas Prn2 is the predominant type found in circulating strains. We investigated how variation in region 1 affects the ...