In this paper we investigate how firms adjust markups across products in response to fluctuations in the real exchange rate. In a theoretical framework, we show that firms increase their markups and producer prices following a real depreciation and that this increase is greater for products with higher productivity, a consequence of local distribution costs. We estimate markups at the market-pr...

The gross-output multifactor productivity index for U.S. food manufacturing grew 0.19 percent per year between 1975 and 1997. This productivity growth is low when compared with an estimate of 1.25 percent per year for the whole manufacturing sector. Low investment in research and development (R&D) could be one reason. Although productivity has been relatively low, food manufacturing output has ...

Unanticipated software adaptations are becoming increasingly important in the domain of computer networks. Due to the performance and availability requirements of computer networks, these adaptations need to be enforced at runtime (by means of hot-swapping). However for dynamic changes to yield valid systems, a safe state for reconfiguration of the involved software modules must be enforced. Th...

Cocoa and coffee are the most important crops in Cote d'Ivoire. Until recently, the difference between world and administered producer prices provided an important source of government revenue. As a result of a continued decline of world prices of both crops, however, the Ivoirien government was forced to cut producer prices in half. Because 40 percent of Ivoirien households grow either cocoa o...

in the early stages of a construction project, the reliability and accuracy of conceptual cost estimates are major concerns for clients and cost engineers. previous studies applied scoring methods and established common rules or mathematical methods to assess the quality of cost estimates. however, those approaches have some limitations in adapting to real-world projects or require understandin...

Remote sensing can support dune ecosystem conservation. Unoccupied Aircraft Systems (UAS) equipped with multispectral cameras provide information for identifying different vegetation species, including Carpobrotus edulis—one of the most prominent alien species in Portuguese ecosystems. This work investigates use UAS C. edulis identification and biomass estimation. A a five-band camera was used ...