The Paleoproterozoic (2.5-1.6 Ga) Era is a decisive time in Earth and life history. The paleobiological record (microfossils, stromatolites, biomarkers and isotopes) illustrates the biosphere evolution during a time of transitional oceanic and atmosphere chemistries. Benthic microfossil assemblages are recorded in a variety of oxygenated, sulfidic, and ferruginous environments representative of...

Flow cytometry is set to become the standard method for enumerating prokaryotes and viruses in marine samples. However, the samples need to be flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen directly after aldehyde fixation. Because liquid nitrogen may not always be available, we tested the potential of sodium azide as a preservative for prokaryotes and viruses in marine samples as a possible alternative. For ...

Fermentation has been used for ages as a safe technique food preservation, and it uses minimal resources. is related to wide range of catabolic biochemical procedures in both eukaryotes prokaryotes. Yeasts are eukaryotes; they can use oxygen while also having the ability live without oxygen. The lactate fermentation process consists glycolysis some alternative steps. A review literature was don...

As stated in an Chapter 4, prokaryotes of both Domains or Superkingdoms, the Bacteria and the Archaea, mediate the formation of a large number of diverse minerals. They are known to do this either through biologically induced mineralization (BIM) (Lowenstam 1981) (the subject of Chapter 4 in this volume; Frankel and Bazylinski 2003) or biologically controlled mineralization (BCM). The latter ha...

Recent advances in DNA-sequencing technologies have made available an enormous resource of data for the study of bacterial genomes. The broad sample of complete genomes currently available allows us to look at variation in the gross features and characteristics of genomes while the detail of the sequences reveal some of the mechanisms by which these genomes evolve. This review aims to describe ...