The complexity of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) continues to reveal itself as evidence accumulates demonstrating its robust independent regulation in the interstitial and intratubular compartments within the kidney.1–3 Early reports demonstrating the presence of Ang II receptors on the brush border of proximal tubules suggested physiological roles.4 However, because of the...

We present a study investigating how the delay between the intention to act and the following action, influenced the experience of action. In experiments investigating sense of agency and experience of action, the contrast is most often between voluntary and involuntary actions. It is rarely asked whether different types of intentions influence the experience of action differently. To investiga...

BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) reduce proximal reabsorption, activating tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Adenosine A(1) receptors (A(1)R) mediate the TGF response and stimulate proximal reabsorption. METHODS Clearance and micropuncture studies were performed in Wistar rats to determine whether blockade of A(1)R (KW3902 0.3 mg/kg i....

Objective- To measure statistically bone cortex to diameter  (C/D) ratio in metocarpo/metatarsal and proximal phalanges in camel. This ratio may be used in diagnosing possible metabolic and nutritional diseases in camel. Design- Experimental study. Animals- Twelve camel limbs (6 fore limbs & 6 hind limbs)      Procedures- This study was conducted on dorsopalmar/dorsoplantar radiographs of t...

introduction: intramedullary nailing (imn) of high tibia fracture has some mechanical and biological advantages over the other form of fixation. however, valgus, apex anterior malalignment and anterior displacement of proximal fragment commonly occur after isolated imn fixation of proximal high tibia fracture. the purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of using 3.5-mm locking c...

Background: There is a tendency of colorectal cancer towards a right shift, and increasing incidence among the young age groups. In this study, we aimed to assess the pattern of colorectal cancer among Sudanese patients attending an endoscopy unit in Omdurman Teaching Hospital. Subjects and Methods: This descriptive crosssectional study conducted among thirty patients referred with the provisio...

recurrent dislocation is not common in small joints. this report presents a new case of chronic recurrent dislocation of proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger in which soft tissue injuries have a role in the dislocation. the patient was a 23 years old man who had referred to our center because of recurrent dislocation of proximal interphalangeal joint of his right ring finger during spor...

conclusions closed reduction and hybrid external fixation can be used as a definitive treatment for severe comminuted fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia, when the concomitant contusion of the skin and soft tissue damage prohibits safe open reduction and internal fixation. patients and methods in a prospective study, 44 patients with comminuted fractures of the distal femur or prox...