PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE: PLEASE DO NOT CITE Big Push models suggest that local product demand can create multiple labor market equilibria: one featuring high wages, formalization, and high demand and one with low wages, informality, and low demand. I demonstrate that minimum wages may coordinate development at the high wage equilibrium. Using data from 1990s Indonesia, where minimum wages in...

The D-STATCOM is a shunt connected FACTS device which supplies reactive power to the load to improve the voltage stability of the load busses. The D-STAT COM in multi bus system is capable of reducing the losses and improving the voltage regulation.This work deals with comparison of Push Pull and Voltage Inverter based D-STATCOM for multi bus system. Eight bus system is modeled using the elemen...

In this paper, we study the behaviour of a microcantilever beam under electrostatic actuation using finite difference method. This problem has a lot of applications in MEMS based devices like accelerometers, switches and others. In this paper, we formulated the problem of a cantilever beam with proof mass at its end and carried out the finite difference solution. we studied the effects of lengt...

Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work must be obtained from the Foundation for Sensor and SUMMARY We have demonstrated that wafer-level probing of electrostat...

A gap with variable geometry is presented for both cantilever beam and fixed-fixed beam actuators as a method to reduce the pull-in voltage while maintaining a required displacement. The method is applicable to beams oriented either in a plane parallel to or perpendicular to a substrate, but is most suitable for vertically oriented (lateral) beams fabricated with a high aspect ratio process whe...

In this paper, we study the operation of electrostatically actuated electromechanical resonators having fractal electrodes. Using the spring-mass model, we establish the scaling relationships for pull-in instability , voltage dependent resonance frequency 1 , and pull-in voltage , where is the fractal dimension of the electrode, is the air-gap, and are the resonance frequency at zero and applie...

We propose an energy-based framework to analyze the statics and dynamics of a ferroelectric negative capacitance-hybrid microelectromechanical system (MEMS) actuator. A mapping function that relates charge on displacement movable electrode is used obtain Hamiltonian hybrid actuator in terms displacement. then use graphical energy–displacement phase portrait plots static pull-in, dynamic pull-ou...