We wish to submit the enclosed manuscript, “Marked Improvement in Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis with Severe Hypoxemia in a Patient Treated with Ambroxol,” to be considered for publication as a Case Report in JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CASE REPORTS. We confirm that this manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by another journal. We believe your readers will...

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare disorder first described in the literature in 1958. It has been associated with numerous causes, including silica exposure,1-4 infection,2 malignancy,2,5 and inhalation of assorted irritant dusts or solvents. It is a disease process characterized by an accumulation of granular periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material in the alveoli. Disruption of typ...

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is characterised by accumulation of surfactant-like material in the distal air spaces. Since lysosomes play a crucial role for degradation of large biomolecules taken up from the cell’s environment, it was hypothesised that oxidant-induced lysosomal disruption and ensuing cell death might play a role in disease development. In the present study, alveolar macrophag...

Rosen et al. first described pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in 1958. PAP is characterized by the accumulation of phospholipoproteinaceous material in alveolar spaces. The prevalence of PAP is difficult to determine from the literature, however, it is rare. The etiology of this disorder is not yet known. There are two types of PAP based on associated disorders: primary (idiopathic) type, i...

Rats exposed to various airborne dusts developed a condition identical to pulmonary alveolar proteinosis as seen in man. The experimental condition developed through a stage of endogenous lipid pneumonia, characterized by numerous large foamy macrophages widely distributed throughout the lung. These cells broke down to release a finely granular material which finally condensed to reproduce the ...

We describe an 18 year old male with pulmonary interstitial and intra-alveolar cholesterol granulomas (PICG), which developed to severe respiratory failure over 15 yrs. The histological diagnosis was made on the basis of open lung biopsy findings at the age of 3 yrs and autopsy at 18 yrs of age. Although the pathological features of the lung were similar to that of paediatric patients with lipo...

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare syndrome in the paediatric age group and characterized by intra-alveolar accumulation of proteinaceous phospholipid-laden material called surfactant. The diagnosis is made by High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) chest which shows characteristic crazy paving appearance and diagnosis confirmed by Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL). We report two case...

INTRODUCTION Automatic fire suppression systems use hydrofluorocarbons (HF) to extinguish fires chemically. At high temperatures, HF can release hydrofluoric acid (HFA), a toxic, potentially lethal gas. CASE REPORT A 52-year-old male visited our Pulmonary Division with dyspnea of 8-months duration. He had been working at a facility that manufactured fire extinguishers. Bronchoscopy was perfor...