A legal basis for the use of electronic signatures exists since the introduction of qualified electronic signatures in EU Directive 1999/93/EC. Although considered as key enablers for e-Government and e-Commerce, qualified electronic signatures are still not widely used. Introducing a mobile component addresses most of the shortcomings of existing qualified signature approaches but poses certai...

this article concerned on the study of signature submanifolds for curves under lie group actions se(2), sa(2) and for surfaces under se(3). signature submanifold is a regular submanifold which its coordinate components are dierential invariants of an associated manifold under lie group action, and therefore signature submanifold is a key for solving equivalence problems.

General and Professional Qualifications of Iranian High School Masters according to the Ministerial Documents H. Abdollaahi, Ph.D. A perusal of the ministerial documents at the Iranian Ministry of Education during the past 100 years was undertaken in order to clarify how the general and professional qualifications required for the post of high school master have evolved over the c...

An electronic tender system (e-tender) streamlines the tender process and thereby saves time and cost. Security requirements for e-tendering systems have not been closely scrutinized in the literature. In addition to the security concerns of conventional e-tender systems—authentication, integrity, privacy, and non-repudiation are provided. This paper identifies key issues to be addressed in the...

An electronic tender system (e-tender) streamlines the tender process and thereby saves time and cost. Security requirements for e-tendering systems have not been closely scrutinized in the literature. In addition to the security concerns of conventional e-tender systems—authentication, integrity, privacy, and non-repudiation are provided. This paper identifies key issues to be addressed in the...

The mobile commerce will come true when we provide the certification services and electronic signature necessaries to make the electronic transactions secure. However, at this moment, the mobile technologies can not offer us theses services or they are much reduced. This paper discusses the main drawbacks of these technologies and describes the infrastructure and components that we have develop...

www.deaeslr.org DIGITAL EVIDENCE AND ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE LAW REVIEW Despite a common legal framework for electronic signatures within the European Union, qualified electronic signatures have not been a market success, although several governments are issuing or plan to issue signature capable identity cards to all their citizens. However, the high market penetration of smart cards does not nec...

Even though the theory behind digital signatures is fully understood and the related cryptographic methods have proved the efficiency in deploying security services, concrete application of digital signature to real electronic documents is still hindered by the lack of standards. In particular, we lack standards for the format of the data to be signed, the format of the signature itself and the...