In sexual populations, selection operates neither on the whole genome, which is repeatedly taken apart and reassembled by recombination, nor on individual alleles that are tightly linked to the chromosomal neighborhood. The resulting interference between linked alleles reduces the efficiency of selection and distorts patterns of genetic diversity. Inference of evolutionary history from diversit...

Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete fungus capable of causing deadly meningoenchephilitis, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. Formerly, C. neoformans was composed of two divergent lineages, but these have recently been elevated to species status, now C. neoformans (formerly C. neoformans var. grubii) and C. deneoformans (formerly C. neoformans var. neoformans). While both specie...

In standard interval mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), the QTL effect is described by a normal mixture model. At any given location in the genome, the evidence of a putative QTL is measured by the likelihood ratio of the mixture model compared to a single normal distribution (the LOD score). This approach can occasionally produce spurious LOD score peaks in regions of low genotype infor...

The relationships between lipophilicity and unspecific biological properties, such as narcotic, fungicidal, bactericidal, hemolytic and toxiccity properties have been known ever since the turn of the century. Research publications of Free Wilson method [1] and that of Hansch analysis [2] during 1964 served as the milestones in development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)....

Drug discovery is dependent on finding a very small number of biologically active or potent compounds among millions of compounds stored in chemical collections. Quantitative structure-activity relationships suggest that potency of a compound is highly related to that compound's chemical makeup or structure. To improve the efficiency of cell-based analysis methods for high throughput screening,...

This paper proposes an unconventional anomaly detection approach that provides digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in a nuclear power plant (NPP) with the capability to probabilistically discern between legitimate protocol frames and attack frames. The stochastic activity network (SAN) formalism is used to model the fusion of protocol activity in each digital I&C system and the op...

AIMS To assess the value of videodensitometric quantification of the coronary lumen after angioplasty by comparison to two other techniques of coronary artery lumen quantification. METHODS AND RESULTS Videodensitometric quantitative angiography, edge detection quantitative angiography and 30 MHz intracoronary ultrasound imaging were performed after successful balloon angioplasty in 161 patien...

For enforcement of the recently introduced labeling threshold for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food ingredients, quantitative detection methods such as quantitative competitive (QC-PCR) and real-time PCR are applied by official food control laboratories. The experiences of 3 European food control laboratories in validating such methods were compared to describe realistic performance...

OBJECTIVE To test the feasibility of using a newly developed device for laparoscopic lymphatic mapping of the colon by simultaneous and quantitative detection of both tissue coloration and radioactivity. METHODS Four pigs were used in this study. In each animal, both blue dye and radioisotope injections were utilized. Lymphatic mapping was performed laparoscopically in the sigmoid mesocolon a...