Near sea-surface line-of-sight (LoS) radiowave propagation at 5 GHz was investigated through narrowband measurements in this paper. Results of the received signal strength with a transmission distance of up to 10 km were examined against free space loss model and 2-ray path loss model. The experimental results have good agreement with the predicted values using the 2-ray model. However, the pre...

This paper presents two uniform theories of diffraction–physical optics (UTD-PO) formulations to undertake analysis radiowave multiple diffraction resulting from the presence both buildings and trees in vegetated urban areas, with assumption spherical-wave incidence. The solutions presented consider modeled as knife-edges rectangular sections (the latter being more complex realistic) effect tre...