Short Title: Spatial-Temporal Statistics of Rain. Abstract Rain rate near the ground can be interpreted as a collection of random variables forming a random field parameterised by three coordinates: two spatial coordinates and one temporal. Interest among the radio propagation community has been focused on the first order statistics of these random variables, principally on the average annual p...

By definition, steady rain should have a nearly constant rainfall rate. Thus far, however, the criteria for determining when rain is steady remain qualitative and arbitrary. The authors suggest a definition for steadiness that can be used to quantify the elusive notion of natural variability. In particular, the logical criteria for steadiness imply statistical stationarity and lack of correlati...

The visual effects of rain are complex. Rain removal is a very useful technique in applications such as security surveillance, video editing, vision based navigation, and video indexing/retrieval. Rain produces sharp intensity variation in images and videos, which put down the performance of outdoor vision systems. These intensity variations depend on different parameters, such as the camera pr...

This study reports a multi-year (2000-2009) aerosol characterization for metropolitan Tehran and surrounding areas using multiple datasets (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART), and surface and upper air data from local station...

Accurate rain estimation from radar measurements has been a difficult task due to the variation of raindrop size distribution (DSD), lack of accurate axis ratio model, measurement error, clutter, and so forth. Previously, rain estimation from weather radars has been largely dependent upon empirical relations such as R-Z relations. The development of polarimetric radar makes accurate rain DSD re...

A multiphase chemistry model coupled with a quasi-spectral microphysical model has been applied to measurements from the European CIME campaign to quantify the formation of the strong acids nitrate and sulfate, and to evaluate the role of microphysical processes in redistributing reactive species among the different phases (gas versus cloud and/or rain). Significant formation of nitrate and sul...

Satellite remote sensing of rain is important for quantifying the hydrological cycle, atmospheric energy budget, and cloud and precipitation processes; however, radar retrievals of rain rate are sensitive to assumptions about the raindrop size distribution. The upcoming EarthCARE satellite will feature a 94 GHz Doppler radar alongside lidar and radiometer instruments, presenting opportunities f...

The primary mission of the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite is to infer surface wind vector from ocean backscatter measurements. Occasionally the backscatter measurements are contaminated by the presence of rain; therefore a reliable method of identifying rain is needed. Fortunately, the SeaWinds scatterometer simultaneously obtains active (scattering) and passive (emission) mea...

Organic matter (OM) uptake in cloud droplets produces water-soluble secondary organic aerosols (SOA) via aqueous chemistry. These play a significant role in aerosol properties. We report the effects of OM uptake in wet aerosols, in terms of the dissolved-to-gas carbon dioxide nucleation using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Carbon dioxide has been implicated in the natural rainwater as wel...

Rain over the oceans causes attenuation of communication and radar signals for satellites and backscatter to satellite radars. To determine the attenuation and backscatter, one must know the height of the rain in a storm, and must be able to find it from a satellite measurement likely to be available. Microwave radiometers on satellites can provide estimates of rain rates, and therefore relatin...