Signal-to-noise ratio, the ratio between signal and noise, is a quantity that has been well established for MRI data but is still subject of ongoing debate and confusion when it comes to fMRI data. fMRI data are characterised by small activation fluctuations in a background of noise. Depending on how the signal of interest and the noise are identified, signal-to-noise ratio for fMRI data is rep...

Water body management is essential to provide quality water to the requirement of drinking, agriculture and industries. Estimation of water quality in dams, lakes, rivers is paramount activity in quality control. As phytoplankton concentration is based on the physical and chemical state of the water, it is a good indicator and its concentration represents water quality. As Chlorophyll -a(Chl-a)...