Abstract The paper explores the economics behind two large-scale rebellions in Japan throughout 1532–1536 and 1570–1580, launched by a religious organization called Honganji. argues that Honganji’s took off primarily due to reforms, particularly, creation of an after-life pardon doctrine, which enabled functioning more potent incentives fostered participation. First, doctrine raised costs not j...

This article reassesses the “Khārijite” rebellion of Muṭarrif b. al-Mughīra Shuʿba al-Thaqafī in 77/696–97 and recontextualizes it within a different “category” revolt. Analyzing both history historiography this uprising, argues that Muṭarrif’s is best understood not Khārijite framework, but rather as part series revolts carried out by other Iraqi tribal notables (ashrāf) same period. reevaluat...

During the wars of Yugoslav succession, nationalists on all sides maintained that it was impossible for different national groups to live together in harmony in a democratic society. They spoke of “age-old hatreds,” pointing to an historical landscape littered with international conflicts, civil wars, rebellions, or individual acts of violence between the region’s national and ethnic groups. Mo...

'A revolution', writes Samuel P. Huntington in Political Order in Changing Societies, 'is a rapid, fundamental, and violent domestic change in the dominant values and myths of a society, in its political institutions, social structure, leadership, and government activities and policies'.' In The Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, Lenin provides a different, but comple...

The integration of emerging data manipulation technologies has enabled a paradigm shift in practitioners’ abilities to understand and anticipate events of interest in complex systems. Example events of interest include outbreaks of socio-political violence in nation-states. Rather than relying on human-centric modeling efforts that are limited by the availability of SMEs, automated data process...

A nineteenth century Chinese commentary on the Yijing (易經) states succinctly: “The Changes is the mirror of men’s minds” (易者人心之鏡也).”2 In other words, there are as many versions of the Yijing as there are readers of the document and commentators upon it.3 According to the editors of late imperial China’s most important literary compilation, the Complete Collection of the Four Treasuries (四庫全書; h...

The Islamic conquests, which started under the leadership of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), have been continued throughout history with efforts Companions and other Muslims later on. military campaigns carried out by army could result in conquest as well defeats. Internal external factors had a decisive position obtaining these results. As conquests that from time Rashidun Caliphate, many regions cit...

The political presence of Muslims in al-Andalus had remained from Tariq bin Ziyad’s conquest Visigothic Hispania 711, untill the fall Ghirnata 1492. Despite all struggles, rebellions, occupations and wars, history means more than history. Because at this period Muslims’ medieval Iberia, became center “convivencia”, that “the art living together differences”. This convivencia refers to people wi...