nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. in deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (drps) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. in a smart grid, end use...

Lignin depolymerisation has received considerable attention recently due to the pressing need to find sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel feedstock to produce chemicals and fuels. Two types of interunit linkages (C–C and C–O linkages) link several aromatic units in the structure of lignin. Between these two inter-unit linkages, the bond energies of C–C linkages are higher than that of C–O l...

Most of the energy consumed in the world comes from fossil fuels such as petrol, coal and natural gas. It is almost unanimous in the literature that these sources are limited and it is expected its exhaustion in the future. Nevertheless, there is a continued growth in consumption, at an average rate of 3% per year worldwide since 1985. However oil reserves commercially exploitable grow at lower...

During the past century, fossil fuels--petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal--were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85-93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing p...

During the past century, fossil fuels—petroleum liquids, natural gas and coal—were the dominant source of world energy production. From 1950 to 2005, fossil fuels provided 85–93% of all energy production. All fossil fuels grew substantially during this period, their combined growth exceeding the increase in world population. This growth, however, was irregular, providing for rapidly growing per...

In recent years energy shortage and environmental impacts due to consuming fossil fuels have led to developing renewable energy sources systems. Since these sources are not reliable and are usually time dependent, an energy storing system like hydrogen production is required. In this regard, PEM electrolyzer can be efficiently used to decompose liquid water into hydrogen and oxygen. Because of ...

Fossil fuel consumption has triggered worries about energy security and climate change; this promoted hydrogen as a viable option to aid in decarbonizing global systems. Hydrogen could substitute for fossil fuels the future due economic, political, environmental concerns related production using fuels. However, currently, majority of is produced fuels, particularly natural gas, which not renewa...

I AM CHAIR OF THE Board of Directors of the National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals (NOGLSTP) that encompasses lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) people in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. On behalf of NOGLSTP, an AAAS affiliate since 1994, I wish to register our indignation with the 11 July cover of Scie...