Activation of postsynaptic alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alphaCaMKII) by calcium influx is a prerequisite for the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) at most excitatory synapses in the hippocampus and cortex. Here we show that postsynaptic LTP is unaffected at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum of alphaCaMKII(-/-) mice. In contrast, a long-term...

Background The origin of hangekobokuto (HKT) is from Jin Gui Yao Lue (Kinkiyōryaku in Japanese), and it has been indicated for treating throat discomfort women. Key Findings HKT consists five crude drugs. Clinical studies have shown that can improve the swallowing reflex by increasing substance P level saliva; cough reflex; reduce pneumonia patients with dementia, cerebrovascular disease, Alzhe...

Transmission in the corticospinal and Ia pathways to soleus motoneurons was investigated in healthy human subjects during bicycling. Soleus H reflexes and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were modulated similarly during the crank cycle being large during downstroke [concomitant with soleus background electromyographic (EMG) activity] and small during ...

BACKGROUND 5-HT(1A)-R-agonist repinotan was shown to counteract a morphine-induced ventilatory depression but had pronociceptive effects at small doses (0.2 μg/kg). It remained to be clarified (1) whether a moderate dose of repinotan, sufficient to stimulate spontaneous breathing, impairs antinociception if plasma concentration decreases over time, and if (2) moderate doses prevent ventilatory ...

• Two recent independent experimental studies have found evidence that ventilation may be modified by changes in the pulmonary vascular bed. Firstly, small amounts of lobeline injected intravenously initiate reflex depression of ventilation mainly from the extrapulmonary parts of the pulmonary arteries of the cat.' Larger doses elicit, in addition, cardiovascular changes, bradycardia, and hypot...

Hoffman (H) reflexes were elicited from the soleus muscle during treadmill walking in 21 spastic paretic patients. The soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were reciprocally activated during walking in most patients, much like that observed in healthy individuals. The pattern of H-reflex modulation varied considerably between patients, from being relatively normal in some patients to a complete...

Following tetanic afferent stimulation of a monosynaptic reflex pathway, the transmission through that pathway of isolated reflex volleys is enhanced for some minutes. Post-tetanic potentiation is comparable in the monosynaptic reflex arcs of flexor and extensor muscles. The facilitator and inhibitor actions of monosynaptic reflex afferent fibers, as well as the transmitter action, are potentia...

-The effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on the patellar reflex and segmentally evoked spinal cord potentials were determined in the high spinal and hemiscctioned spinal cat preparations. CPZ in doses of 1-32 mg/kg given intravenously (as an accumulative dose) produced no statistically significant alteration of the patellar reflex and segmentally evoked monosynaptic potentials. The segmentally evok...