background and aims: elastomeric chains and niti coil springs are two major traction aids in orthodontic tooth movements. force degradation occurs over time in both groups, with higher percentages in elastic chains. the effects of environmental factors and some mouth rinses on this force decay have been previously studied. no study has been performed to evaluate the effect of current popular mo...

We discuss cosmology in four dimensions within the context of a brane-world scenario. Such models can predict chaotic inflation with very low reheat temperature depending on the brane tension. We notice that the gravitino abundance is different in brane-world cosmology and by tuning the brane tension it is possible to get an extremely low abundance. We also study Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in ou...

This paper purposed a new generalized predictive control based on state feedback theory for the large inertia and large delay characteristics of the discrete reheat steam temperature plant. The idea is to compensate the large inertia and delay characteristics of the plant by the state feedback theory and the generalized plant by predictive control. The simulation results show that that the new ...

I describe a new way for baryogenesis to proceed, which evades many of the problems of GUT and electroweak scenarios. If the reheat temperature after inflation is below the electroweak scale, neither GUT baryon production nor traditional electroweak baryogenesis can occur. However, non-thermal production of sphaleron configurations via preheating could generate the observed baryon asymmetry of ...

In an interconnected power system, as a power load demand varies randomly, both area frequency and tie-line power interchange also vary. The objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are to minimize the transient deviations in theses variables (area frequency and tie-line power interchange) and to ensure their steady state errors to be zeros. When dealing with the LFC problem of power systems,...

A novel design of a robust decentralized load frequency control (LFC) algorithm is proposed for an inter-connected three-area power system, for the purpose of regulating area control error (ACE) in the presence of system uncertainties and external disturbances. The design is based on the concept of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC). Estimating and mitigating the total effect of variou...

Motivated by our earlier paper [1], we discuss how the infamous gravitino problem has a natural built in solution within supersymmetry. Supersymmetry allows a large number of flat directions made up of gauge invariant combinations of squarks and sleptons. Out of many at least one generically obtains a large vacuum expectation value during inflation. Gauge bosons and Gauginos then obtain large m...

introduction: neural stimulation is a promising new technology for the treatment of medically-intractable seizures.  transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is a simple, non-invasive, low cost technique which is widely used in neurophysiology. in a few studies that have been performed at different frequencies the therapeutic effects of this technique were not obvious. repetition of low frequenc...

Abstract: A new intelligent Automatic Generation Control (AGC) scheme based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) and Fuzzy Logic concept is developed for a multiarea power system. EAs i.e. Genetic Algorithm–Simulated Annealing (GA–SA) are used to optimize the gains of Fuzzy Logic Algorithm (FLA)-based AGC regulators for interconnected power systems. The multi-area power system model has three diffe...