Strongly supersaturated homogeneous calcium citrate solutions are formed spontaneously when solid sodium citrate and solid calcium hydroxycarboxylates are dissolved simultaneously in water or when solid sodium citrate is dissolved in an already saturated aqueous solution of the calcium hydroxycarboxylate at ambient conditions. Maximal supersaturation of calcium citrate was found to decrease for...

The whole process of EAFP protein monoclinic crystal growth with an extremely fast rate has been observed by atomic force microscopy. The results showed that the patterns of the growth images in rapidly growing crystals are complicated. The two-dimensional multi-layered stacks of growth steps are characteristic of higher supersaturation and the growth of steps proceeds in a manner of strong ani...

In this study we show how size-resolved measurements of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) can be used to characterize the supersaturation of water vapor in a cloud. The method was developed and applied during the ACRIDICON-Zugspitze campaign (17 September to 4 October 2012) at the high-Alpine research station Schneefernerhaus (German Alps, 2650 m a.s.l.). Number size distrib...

Entrainment and mixing play an essential role in shaping the droplet size distribution (DSD), with commensurate effects on cloud radiative properties or precipitation formation. In this paper, we use a model that considers all relevant scales related to entrainment by employing linear eddy (LEM) as subgrid-scale (SGS) model, coupled large-eddy simulation Lagrangian (LCM) for single cumulus cong...

Thank you for your comment that helped us to focus on some interesting issues. We fully agree with you that at subsaturated conditions (small droplets), the saturation (S) is dominated by the Raoult term (B/r3) and only as one approaches saturation (larger droplets) does the importance of the Kelvin term (A/r) increase. However, we disagree with the statement that ”At the critical supersaturati...

Introduction Uroliths are concretions formed in the urinary tract. These can be problematic humans and companion animals such as cats. Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) calcium oxalate (CaOx) most common forms of uroliths. The relative supersaturation (RSS) is a risk index crystal formation. Here, an updated program for calculating RSS, EQUIL-HL21, was used to detect differences RSS value...

This study investigates the height dependency of aerosol-cloud interaction regimes in terms of the joint dependence of the key cloud microphysical properties (e.g., cloud droplet number concentration and cloud droplet relative dispersion) on aerosol number concentration (Na) and vertical velocity (w). The three distinct regimes with differentmicrophysical features are the aerosol-limited regime...

For an l-graph G, the Turán number ex(n,G) is the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex l-graph H containing no copy of G. The limit π(G) = limn→∞ ex (n,G)/ ( n l ) is known to exist [8]. The Ramsey-Turán density ρ(G) is defined similarly to π(G) except that we restrict to only those H with independence number o(n). A result of Erdős and Sós [3] states that π(G) = ρ(G) as long as for every edg...

A population of cool dwarfs with extreme rotational velocities (vsin i ∼ > 100 km/sec) is present in young open clusters. ROSAT observations have shown that these very fast rotators exhibit a level of X-ray activity a factor of 3–5 below the saturated level which is usually observed (both in X-rays and other magnetic activity indicators) for ‘normally’ fast rotators. This phenomenon has been de...